Merge pull request #1 from PoliEcho/rewrite

remove random nbsp and fix markdown

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+---
+Language:        Cpp
+AccessModifierOffset: -2
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align
+AlignArrayOfStructures: None
+AlignConsecutiveAssignments:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCompound:   false
+  AlignFunctionDeclarations: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators:    true
+AlignConsecutiveBitFields:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCompound:   false
+  AlignFunctionDeclarations: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators:    false
+AlignConsecutiveDeclarations:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCompound:   false
+  AlignFunctionDeclarations: true
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators:    false
+AlignConsecutiveMacros:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCompound:   false
+  AlignFunctionDeclarations: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators:    false
+AlignConsecutiveShortCaseStatements:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCaseArrows: false
+  AlignCaseColons: false
+AlignConsecutiveTableGenBreakingDAGArgColons:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCompound:   false
+  AlignFunctionDeclarations: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators:    false
+AlignConsecutiveTableGenCondOperatorColons:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCompound:   false
+  AlignFunctionDeclarations: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators:    false
+AlignConsecutiveTableGenDefinitionColons:
+  Enabled:         false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments:  false
+  AlignCompound:   false
+  AlignFunctionDeclarations: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators:    false
+AlignEscapedNewlines: Right
+AlignOperands:   Align
+AlignTrailingComments:
+  Kind:            Always
+  OverEmptyLines:  0
+AllowAllArgumentsOnNextLine: true
+AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: true
+AllowBreakBeforeNoexceptSpecifier: Never
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Never
+AllowShortCaseExpressionOnASingleLine: true
+AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortCompoundRequirementOnASingleLine: true
+AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: true
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: All
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Never
+AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: All
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortNamespacesOnASingleLine: false
+AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None
+AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: false
+AttributeMacros:
+  - __capability
+BinPackArguments: true
+BinPackLongBracedList: true
+BinPackParameters: BinPack
+BitFieldColonSpacing: Both
+BracedInitializerIndentWidth: -1
+BraceWrapping:
+  AfterCaseLabel:  false
+  AfterClass:      false
+  AfterControlStatement: Never
+  AfterEnum:       false
+  AfterExternBlock: false
+  AfterFunction:   false
+  AfterNamespace:  false
+  AfterObjCDeclaration: false
+  AfterStruct:     false
+  AfterUnion:      false
+  BeforeCatch:     false
+  BeforeElse:      false
+  BeforeLambdaBody: false
+  BeforeWhile:     false
+  IndentBraces:    false
+  SplitEmptyFunction: true
+  SplitEmptyRecord: true
+  SplitEmptyNamespace: true
+BreakAdjacentStringLiterals: true
+BreakAfterAttributes: Leave
+BreakAfterJavaFieldAnnotations: false
+BreakAfterReturnType: None
+BreakArrays:     true
+BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: None
+BreakBeforeConceptDeclarations: Always
+BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
+BreakBeforeInlineASMColon: OnlyMultiline
+BreakBeforeTemplateCloser: false
+BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
+BreakBinaryOperations: Never
+BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeColon
+BreakFunctionDefinitionParameters: false
+BreakInheritanceList: BeforeColon
+BreakStringLiterals: true
+BreakTemplateDeclarations: MultiLine
+ColumnLimit:     80
+CommentPragmas:  '^ IWYU pragma:'
+CompactNamespaces: false
+ConstructorInitializerIndentWidth: 4
+ContinuationIndentWidth: 4
+Cpp11BracedListStyle: true
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+DisableFormat:   false
+EmptyLineAfterAccessModifier: Never
+EmptyLineBeforeAccessModifier: LogicalBlock
+EnumTrailingComma: Leave
+ExperimentalAutoDetectBinPacking: false
+FixNamespaceComments: true
+ForEachMacros:
+  - foreach
+  - Q_FOREACH
+  - BOOST_FOREACH
+IfMacros:
+  - KJ_IF_MAYBE
+IncludeBlocks:   Preserve
+IncludeCategories:
+  - Regex:           '^"(llvm|llvm-c|clang|clang-c)/'
+    Priority:        2
+    SortPriority:    0
+    CaseSensitive:   false
+  - Regex:           '^(<|"(gtest|gmock|isl|json)/)'
+    Priority:        3
+    SortPriority:    0
+    CaseSensitive:   false
+  - Regex:           '.*'
+    Priority:        1
+    SortPriority:    0
+    CaseSensitive:   false
+IncludeIsMainRegex: '(Test)?$'
+IncludeIsMainSourceRegex: ''
+IndentAccessModifiers: false
+IndentCaseBlocks: false
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+IndentExportBlock: true
+IndentExternBlock: AfterExternBlock
+IndentGotoLabels: true
+IndentPPDirectives: None
+IndentRequiresClause: true
+IndentWidth:     2
+IndentWrappedFunctionNames: false
+InsertBraces:    false
+InsertNewlineAtEOF: false
+InsertTrailingCommas: None
+IntegerLiteralSeparator:
+  Binary:          0
+  BinaryMinDigits: 0
+  Decimal:         0
+  DecimalMinDigits: 0
+  Hex:             0
+  HexMinDigits:    0
+JavaScriptQuotes: Leave
+JavaScriptWrapImports: true
+KeepEmptyLines:
+  AtEndOfFile:     false
+  AtStartOfBlock:  true
+  AtStartOfFile:   true
+KeepFormFeed:    false
+LambdaBodyIndentation: Signature
+LineEnding:      DeriveLF
+MacroBlockBegin: ''
+MacroBlockEnd:   ''
+MainIncludeChar: Quote
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
+NamespaceIndentation: None
+ObjCBinPackProtocolList: Auto
+ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 2
+ObjCBreakBeforeNestedBlockParam: true
+ObjCSpaceAfterProperty: false
+ObjCSpaceBeforeProtocolList: true
+OneLineFormatOffRegex: ''
+PackConstructorInitializers: BinPack
+PenaltyBreakAssignment: 2
+PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 19
+PenaltyBreakBeforeMemberAccess: 150
+PenaltyBreakComment: 300
+PenaltyBreakFirstLessLess: 120
+PenaltyBreakOpenParenthesis: 0
+PenaltyBreakScopeResolution: 500
+PenaltyBreakString: 1000
+PenaltyBreakTemplateDeclaration: 10
+PenaltyExcessCharacter: 1000000
+PenaltyIndentedWhitespace: 0
+PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 60
+PointerAlignment: Right
+PPIndentWidth:   -1
+QualifierAlignment: Leave
+ReferenceAlignment: Pointer
+ReflowComments:  Always
+RemoveBracesLLVM: false
+RemoveEmptyLinesInUnwrappedLines: false
+RemoveParentheses: Leave
+RemoveSemicolon: false
+RequiresClausePosition: OwnLine
+RequiresExpressionIndentation: OuterScope
+SeparateDefinitionBlocks: Leave
+ShortNamespaceLines: 1
+SkipMacroDefinitionBody: false
+SortIncludes:
+  Enabled:         true
+  IgnoreCase:      false
+SortJavaStaticImport: Before
+SortUsingDeclarations: LexicographicNumeric
+SpaceAfterCStyleCast: false
+SpaceAfterLogicalNot: false
+SpaceAfterOperatorKeyword: false
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: true
+SpaceAroundPointerQualifiers: Default
+SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true
+SpaceBeforeCaseColon: false
+SpaceBeforeCpp11BracedList: false
+SpaceBeforeCtorInitializerColon: true
+SpaceBeforeInheritanceColon: true
+SpaceBeforeJsonColon: false
+SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
+SpaceBeforeParensOptions:
+  AfterControlStatements: true
+  AfterForeachMacros: true
+  AfterFunctionDefinitionName: false
+  AfterFunctionDeclarationName: false
+  AfterIfMacros:   true
+  AfterNot:        false
+  AfterOverloadedOperator: false
+  AfterPlacementOperator: true
+  AfterRequiresInClause: false
+  AfterRequiresInExpression: false
+  BeforeNonEmptyParentheses: false
+SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: true
+SpaceBeforeSquareBrackets: false
+SpaceInEmptyBlock: false
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1
+SpacesInAngles:  Never
+SpacesInContainerLiterals: true
+SpacesInLineCommentPrefix:
+  Minimum:         1
+  Maximum:         -1
+SpacesInParens:  Never
+SpacesInParensOptions:
+  ExceptDoubleParentheses: false
+  InCStyleCasts:   false
+  InConditionalStatements: false
+  InEmptyParentheses: false
+  Other:           false
+SpacesInSquareBrackets: false
+Standard:        Latest
+StatementAttributeLikeMacros:
+  - Q_EMIT
+StatementMacros:
+  - Q_UNUSED
+  - QT_REQUIRE_VERSION
+TableGenBreakInsideDAGArg: DontBreak
+TabWidth:        8
+UseTab:          Never
+VerilogBreakBetweenInstancePorts: true
+WhitespaceSensitiveMacros:
+  - BOOST_PP_STRINGIZE
+  - CF_SWIFT_NAME
+  - NS_SWIFT_NAME
+  - PP_STRINGIZE
+  - STRINGIZE
+WrapNamespaceBodyWithEmptyLines: Leave
+...
+

.gitignore

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 *.sys
 *.dtb
 *~
+sysroot
 
 # Local
 DS_Store
@@ -27,4 +28,10 @@ DS_Store
 *.swo
 /.clangd
 /.cache
+/compile_commands.json
+.ssp
+
+# Logs
+*.log
+/log
 

LICENSE

@@ -1,13 +1,674 @@
-Copyright 2023-2024 Tomáš Kubeček.
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
 
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
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-WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
-OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
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+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
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+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    A custom x86_64 OS written from scratch
+    Copyright (C) 2023-2025  Tom-on
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    		kern.	Copyright (C) 2023-2025	Tom-on
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

README

@@ -4,25 +4,36 @@ kern.
 Idk why i called it that it was 3am and i needed sleep.
 
 !! WARNING !!
-Kern is broken at the moment. The last working commit is: '11feab5'
-(https://github.com/Tom-on64/kern/tree/11feab5)
+Kern is being rewritten at the moment. To see the last version before the
+rewrite, see commit 11feab5 on master. (https://github.com/Tom-on64/kern/tree/11feab5)
 
 About
 -----
-Kern is a 32-bit OS based on the x86 architecture written in NASM Assembly and C. 
-I'm working on a basic command line as well as a custom unix-esque filesystem.
-It has a simple shell with some commands (use 'help' for a list of available ones).
+Kern is a 64-bit OS based on the x86_64 architecture written in C & NASM
+Assembly. It attempts to be a µ-kernel, although i have no clue what i'm doing.
 
-Features
+Dependencies
+------------
+* binutils that can target x86_64-elf
+* GCC that can target x86_64-elf
+* Limine
+* make
+* Mtools
+* NASM
+* OpenSSL
+* sfdisk
+* QEMU (for emulation)
+
+Building
 --------
-* Shell
-* Filesystem
-* Userspace
-* Font support
-* Graphics mode
-* Physical memory manager
-* Virtual memory manager
-* System calls
+Building should be as easy as running:
+	$ make
+If it says that a command was not found, check that the utilities are correctly
+defined in config.mk.
+
+If you want to emulate it with QEMU, you can run:
+	$ make qemu
+
 
 Old Version: https://github.com/Tom-on64/old-kern
 

TODO

@@ -1,189 +1,67 @@
-=== Todo ===
+TODO
+====
 
-Legend:
-- [ ] Not done
-- [x] Done
-- [_] Was done at some point, but isn't now
-- [!] Important todo
-- [?] Optional
+Architectural Milestones
+[-] 64-bit rewrite
+[x] Limine (Bootloader)
+[ ] Decent build system (feat. cross-compiler)
+[x] kernel.h rewrite & header cleanup
+[x] debugf() cleanup, kprintf() & pr_*() (Standardized logging levels)
+[x] errno.h errors and "errno-in-pointer" macros
 
-- [ ] Refactoring
-    - [ ] Use UEFI
-    - [ ] Use an existing bootloader
-    - [x] libc - User space
-    - [x] libk - Kernel libc
-    - [x] Kernel rewrite
-    - [ ] Better filesystem
-    - [x] Makefile refactorin' (finally done!!!)
+Low-Level Hardware & Interrupts
+[x] GDT
+[x] IDT
+[x] Basic IRQs (Internal/Legacy)
+[x] Proper fault handling (Exceptions, Page Faults, #GP)
+[ ] Check for features with CPUID (NX-bit, SSE, AVX)
+[ ] APIC driver (Local APIC & I/O APIC)
+[ ] ACPI driver (Parsing RSDP/MADT for multi-core/APIC)
+[ ] HPET driver (High precision timing)
 
-- [ ] LIBC
-    - [ ] assert.h
-    - [ ] complex.h (idk why we would need this)
-    - [x] ctype.h
-    - [x] errno.h
-    - [x] fcntl.h
-    - [x] float.h
-    - [x] limits.h
-    - [x] math.h (maybe a separate libm?) TODO: add errno errors in there
-    - [x] setjmp.h (this plagues my mind)
-    - [ ] signal.h (we would need signals first)
-    - [x] stdarg.h
-    - [x] stdbool.h
-    - [x] stddef.h
-    - [x] stdint.h
-    - [x] stdio.h
-    - [x] stdlib.h
-    - [x] string.h
-    - [x] syscall.h
-    - [x] time.h
-    - [ ] unistd.h (do we do POSIX?)
-    - [ ] wchar.h (we would need text support for wide chars ig?)
-    - [ ] wctype.h (same as above)
-    - [ ] sys/
-        - [ ] types.h (syscall types)
-        - [ ] gfx.h (basic graphics lib)
+Memory Management
+[x] Physical memory manager (Bitmap or Buddy)
+[x] Paging (Recursive or Offset mapping)
+[ ] Kernel heap (kmalloc/kfree - Linked list or Slab)
+[ ] Memory mapped I/O (MMIO) API for drivers
+[ ] VMM: Shared memory regions (For IPC/Framebuffers)
+[ ] VMM: Copy-on-Write (COW) support (Optional but good)
 
-- [x] LIBK
-    - [x] drivers - everything that works with hardware
-    - [x] error - error handling (bigerr is not enough :( )
-    - [x] fs - filesystem 
-    - [x] interrupt - handling and registering interupts
-    - [x] memory - memory managing (physical and virtual)
-    - [x] screen - everything that displays on the screen
-    - [x] syscall - system calls
+Multitasking & User Space
+[ ] System calls (SYSCALL/SYSRET implementation)
+[ ] Context switching (Saving/Restoring CPU state)
+[ ] Tasking (Thread/Process control blocks)
+[ ] Scheduler (Round Robin or Priority-based)
+[ ] User-space stacks & privilege isolation (Ring 3)
+[x] Stack Smash Protector
 
-- [x] Multistage Bootloader
-- [x] Bootloader reads filesystem to find files
-- [x] The almighty 'printf()'
-- [x] Write down where stuff is in memory (in notes.txt)
+Interprocess Communication
+[ ] Interprocess Communication (Sync/Async messaging)
+[ ] Capability-based security (Optional: basic handle system)
+[ ] Signal/Event system (Interrupt forwarding to user space)
 
-- [ ] "Text" mode (not actually)
-    - [x] Scrolling
-    - [ ] Scroll-back
-    - [x] Color codes (and just multicolor text in general)
-    - [x] Controll sequences!
-    - [x] VESA BIOS Extensions
-    - [x] Better resolution
-    - [x] Graphics mode
-    - [x] Custom font
-    - [_] Larger text size
-    - [ ] Variable text size :)
-    - [x] Make output overflow go to next line
-    - [x] More fonts
-    - [x] Generic screen.h stuff (don't assume 1920x1080 32bpp)
-    - [x] Multi vbe mode support
-    - [x] Setup on boot
-    - [ ] Different font size support
+Bootstrapping & Filesystem
+[ ] USTAR parser (Read initrd.tar)
+[ ] Initrd integration (Loading modules via Limine)
+[ ] ELF parser (Loading PT_LOAD segments)
+[ ] /init (The first user-space process)
+[ ] VFS Server (Abstracting file requests via IPC)
 
-- [x] Math
-    - [x] Trigonometry
-        - [x] Sine
-        - [x] Cosine
-        - [x] Tangent
-        - [x] Cotangent
-        - [x] Arc (inverse) versions
-        - [x] Hyperbolic versions
-    - [x] Absolute value
-    - [?] isOdd() 🗿
-    - [x] Exponential fn (e^x)
-    - [x] Logarithm
-    - [x] Power
-    - [x] Square Root
-    - [x] Floor
-    - [x] Round
-    - [x] Ceiling
-    - [x] Sign
-    - [x] INFINITY
-    - [x] NAN
-    - [x] E (eulers number)
-    - [x] PI
+Drivers & IO
+[x] Serial driver (For kernel debugging)
+[-] Framebuffer driver (Basic LFB/GOP)
+[ ] PS/2 Keyboard driver (As a user-space server)
+[ ] PCI Bus Enumerator (The "parent" of hardware drivers)
+[ ] Storage driver (SATA/AHCI or VirtIO)
 
-- [ ] Filesystem
-    - [x] Utility for filesystem building (not just an assembly file)
-    - [x] Better header for file i/o (disk/filesys.h)
-    - [x] Filetable
-    - [x] A better filesystem using INodes etc.
-    - [x] Files
-        - [x] Larger than one sector (512B)
-        - [x] Any file size (Not multiples of 512B)
-        - [x] Filetypes
-    - [ ] Directories
-        - [x] File tree
-        - [x] Dir Entries
-        - [ ] cd command
-    - [ ] Links??
-        - [ ] Symbolic
-        - [ ] Hard
+The Final TODOs
+[ ] Gaming???!!??
+[ ] Run DOOM
+[-] Finish all the TODOs
 
-- [ ] System Calls
-    - [x] Sleep()
-    - [x] Write()
-    - [x] Read() 
-    - [x] Open()
-    - [x] Close()
-    - [x] Malloc()
-    - [x] Free()
-    - [x] Seek()
-    - [ ] Tell()
-    - [ ] Exit()
-
-- [ ] Shell
-    - [ ] Separate file/program
-    - [ ] ';' separated commands
-    - [ ] I/O Redirection with '<' '>'
-    - [x] Display directory in prompt
-    - [ ] Custom prompts
-    - [ ] Variables
-        - [ ] Enviromental/Global
-        - [ ] Normal
-    - [ ] Commands
-        - [x] echo
-        - [x] clear
-        - [x] help
-        - [x] ls
-        - [x] exit
-        - [ ] touch (make file)
-        - [ ] rm
-        - [ ] mkdir (add dirs first)
-        - [x] reboot
-        - [ ] cd
-
-- [ ] Standard I/O stuff
-    - [ ] stdin
-    - [x] stdout
-    - [ ] stderr
-
-- [ ] User (or system) programs
-    - [x] Loading them
-    - [_] Running them
-    - [x] Exit back to kernel/shell
-    - [x] Let them use libs
-    - [x] Proper include files (LibC?)
-    - [x] argc, argv[]
-
-- [ ] Userspace programs
-    - [ ] Shell
-    - [x] Calculator
-    - [ ] Calendar
-
-- [ ] Code Editor
-    - [ ] Text editor
-    - [ ] Syntax highlighting
-    - [ ] Saving/Loading
-    - [ ] Hex editor
-
-- [ ] Assembler/Compiler
-    - [ ] Assembler
-    - [ ] Compiler (probably C)
-    - [ ] Standard lib
-
-- [ ] Finish all todos
-- [ ] Refactoring!!!
-- [ ] Can it run DOOM?
-- [ ] Games
-    - [ ] Minesweeper
-    - [ ] Solitaire
-    - [ ] Tetris
-
-- [ ] Write an OS in kern (The FINAL Todo)
+Legend
+------
+[ ] Not finished
+[-] In progress
+[x] Finished
 

boot/makefile

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-include ../defaults.mk
-
-BIN = ./bin
-STAGE1_SRC = ./stage1
-STAGE2_SRC = ./stage2
-
-STAGE1_SRCS = $(wildcard $(STAGE1_SRC)/*.s)
-STAGE2_SRCS = $(wildcard $(STAGE2_SRC)/*.c)
-STAGE2_OBJS = $(patsubst $(STAGE2_SRC)/%.c, $(BIN)/%.o, $(STAGE2_SRCS))
-
-LINKER = $(STAGE2_SRC)/linker.ld
-STAGE1 = stage1.bin
-STAGE2 = stage2.bin
-
-.PHONY: all clean
-
-all: $(STAGE1) $(STAGE2)
-
-$(STAGE1): $(STAGE1_SRCS)
-	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -fbin -o $@ $(STAGE1_SRC)/bootsect.s
-
-$(STAGE2): $(STAGE2_OBJS)
-	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -T$(LINKER) -o $@ $^
-
-$(BIN)/%.o: $(STAGE2_SRC)/%.c
-	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
-
-clean:
-	rm -fr $(BIN) $(STAGE1) $(STAGE2)
-

boot/stage1/bootsect.s

@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-; KBOOT - Kern Bootloader
-; Most of the code is taken from Limine (https://github.com/limine-bootloader/limine)
-; I tried to add more documentation than the Limine code had, but it's not everything
-; Any of my code is pretty bad, so i recommend using an existing bootloader
-
-[org 0x7c00]
-[bits 16]
-
-; BPB Requires these
-jmp short .bpb_end
-nop
-
-; FAT32 Bios Parameter Block
-; Some BIOSes mess with it so we just leave it blank
-.bpb:
-	.bpb_oem_id:		db "KERN    "
-	.bpb_sector_size:	dw 0
-	.bpb_sects_per_clust:	db 0
-	.bpb_reserved_sects:	dw 0
-	.bpb_fat_count:		db 0
-	.bpb_root_dir_entries:	dw 0
-	.bpb_sector_count:	dw 0
-	.bpb_media_type:	db 0
-	.bpb_sects_per_fat:	dw 0
-	.bpb_sects_per_track:	dw 18
-	.bpb_heads_count:	dw 2
-	.bpb_hidden_sects:	dd 0
-	.bpb_sect_count_big:	dd 0
-; Extended BPB
-	.bpb_drive_num:		db 0
-	.bpb_reserved:		db 0
-	.bpb_signature:		db 0
-	.bpb_volume_id:		dd 0
-	.bpb_volume_label:	dd "KERN       "
-	.bpb_fs_type:		times 8 db 0
-.bpb_end:
-	cli
-	cld
-	jmp 0x0000:.init_codeseg    ; Long jump to set CS = 0
-
-	; Zero out segment regs (Because segmentation is shit)
-.init_codeseg: 
-	xor si, si      ; We cannot change segment regs directly  
-	mov ds, si      ; Data Segment
-	mov es, si      ; Extra Segment
-	mov ss, si      ; Stack Segment
-	mov sp, 0x7c00  ; Set Stack Pointer
-	sti
-
-	; We probably won't be booting from a floppy, so
-	; ignore if boot drive is < 0x80 and assume an error
-	cmp dl, 0x80
-	jl err.0
-	; Also anything above 0x8f is "dubious" so we also 
-	; just assume an error
-	cmp dl, 0x8f
-	jg err.1
-
-	; Check that int 13h extensions are supported
-.int13chk:
-	mov ah, 0x41
-	mov bx, 0x55aa  ; Expects bx to be this magic value
-	int 0x13        ; Will se CF if unsupported
-	jc err.2
-	cmp bx, 0xaa55  ; Also sets bx to this magic
-	jne err.3
-
-	; Load the stage 2 bootloader code to 0x70000
-.load_stage2:
-	mov eax, 1	; LBA
-	mov cx, 20	; Read 20 sectors (we have space for 2048)
-
-	; Destination - 0x70000
-	push 0x7000
-	pop es
-	xor bx, bx
-
-	call read_sectors
-	jc err.4	; Failed to read stage 2
-
-.enable_protected:
-	; Load GDT Pointer
-	lgdt [gdtp]
-
-	; Set PE (Protected mode Enable) flag
-	cli
-	mov eax, cr0
-	or eax, 1   ; Bit 1 - PE
-	mov cr0, eax
-
-	; Far jump to protected mode
-	jmp code_seg:vector
-
-%include "stage1/disk.s"   ; Disk I/O helper functions
-%include "stage1/gdt.s"    ; Global Descriptor Table
-
-; Handles an error
-err:
-	; Error codes
-	.4: inc si  ; Failed to read stage2 from disk
-	.3: inc si  ; Int 13h extensions unsupported (BX wasn't magic)
-	.2: inc si  ; Int 13h extensions unsupported (CF was set)
-	.1: inc si  ; Invalid boot drive number (> 0x8f)
-	.0:         ; Invalid boot drive number (< 0x80)
-	; Common error handler
-	add si, '0' | (0x4f << 8)   ; Store error code number char in SI, white on red 
-	push 0xb800 ; VGA Text mode video memory
-	pop es      ; ES = 0xb800
-	mov word [es:0], si ; Write character
-
-	; Hang
-	sti
-.h: hlt
-	jmp .h
-
-	[bits 32]
-	; Protected mode entry vector
-vector: 
-	mov ax, 0x10
-	mov ds, ax
-	mov es, ax
-	mov fs, ax
-	mov gs, ax
-	mov ss, ax
-
-	and edx, 0xff	; Still should be boot drive number
-
-	; Call stage 2 bootloader
-	call code_seg:0x70000
-
-; Padding and boot signature
-times 510-($-$$) db 0
-dw 0xaa55 

boot/stage1/disk.s

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-; Reads sectors from disk
-; eax 	- LBA
-; cx  	- Sector count
-; dl  	- Drive number
-; es:dx	- Destination
-read_sectors:
-	pusha
-
-	; Fill out Disk Address Packet
-	mov si, .da_packet
-	mov word 	[si],   0x10	; Packet Size and Unused
-	mov word 	[si+2], cx	; Sector count
-	mov word 	[si+4], bx	; Dest. offset
-	mov word 	[si+6], es	; Dest. segment
-	mov dword	[si+8], eax	; LBA
-
-	mov ah, 0x42    ; Extended read
-	clc             ; Clear CF
-	int 0x13
-.done:
-	popa
-	ret
-
-; Disk Address Packet
-.da_packet:     equ 0x8000
-

boot/stage1/gdt.s

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-; Global Descriptor Table
-gdt:
-.null_desc: ; Just zeros, no clue why it even exists
-    dq 0
-.code_desc: ; 32-bit code
-    dw 0xffff       ; Limit (low 16-bits)
-    dw 0x0000       ; Base (low 16 bits)
-    db 0x00         ; Base (mid 8 bits)
-    db 0b10011011   ; Access flags
-    db 0b11001111   ; Low 4 bits - Granularity, High 4 bits - Limit (high 4 bits)
-    db 0x00         ; Base (high 8 bits)
-.data_desc: ; 32-bit data
-    dw 0xffff       ; Limit (low 16-bits)
-    dw 0x0000       ; Base (low 16 bits)
-    db 0x00         ; Base (mid 8 bits)
-    db 0b10010011   ; Access flags
-    db 0b11001111   ; Low 4 bits - Granularity, High 4 bits - Limit (high 4 bits)
-    db 0x00         ; Base (high 8 bits)
-.end:
-
-; GDT Pointer
-gdtp:
-    dw gdt.end - gdt - 1    ; Size
-    dd gdt                  ; Pointer
-
-; Segments
-code_seg: equ gdt.code_desc - gdt
-data_seg: equ gdt.data_desc - gdt

boot/stage2/defs.h

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _DEFS_H
-#define _DEFS_H
-
-#define __packed 		__attribute__((packed))
-#define __naked			__attribute__((naked))
-#define __section(_sect) 	__attribute__((section(_sect)))
-#define noreturn 		__attribute__((noreturn))
-#define sizeof_array(_a)	(sizeof(_a) / sizeof(_a[0]))
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/disk.c

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "port.h"
-#include "disk.h"
-
-void readSectors(uint32_t lba, size_t count, void* dst) {
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 6, ((lba >> 24) & 0x0f) | 0xe0);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 2, count);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 3, lba & 0xff);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 4, (lba >> 8) & 0xff);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 5, (lba >> 16) & 0xff);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 7, PIO_CMD_READ);
-
-	uint16_t* buf = (uint16_t*)dst;
-
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-		while (inb(PIO_PORT + 7) & (1 << 7));	// Wait until BSY is cleared
-		for (size_t j = 0; j < SECTOR_SIZE / 2; j++) *buf++ = inw(PIO_PORT);
-		for (uint8_t wait = 0; wait < 4; wait++) inb(PIO_ALT_STATUS);
-	}
-}
-
-void writeSectors(uint32_t lba, size_t count, void* src) {
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 6, ((lba >> 24) & 0x0f) | 0xe0);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 2, count);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 3, lba & 0xff);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 4, (lba >> 8) & 0xff);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 5, (lba >> 16) & 0xff);
-	outb(PIO_PORT + 7, PIO_CMD_WRITE);
-
-	uint16_t* buf = (uint16_t*)src;
-
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-		while (inb(PIO_PORT + 7) & (1 << 7));	// Wait until BSY is cleared
-		for (size_t j = 0; j < SECTOR_SIZE / 2; j++) outw(PIO_PORT, *buf++);
-		for (uint8_t wait = 0; wait < 4; wait++) inb(PIO_ALT_STATUS);
-	}
-}
-

boot/stage2/disk.h

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef DISK_H
-#define DISK_H
-
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "defs.h"
-
-#define SECTOR_SIZE	512
-#define PIO_PORT	0x1f0
-#define PIO_ALT_STATUS	0x3f6
-#define PIO_MASTER	0xa0
-#define PIO_CMD_READ	0x20
-#define PIO_CMD_WRITE	0x30
-#define PIO_CMD_FLUSH	0	// TODO
-
-#define BOOTABLE	0x80
-
-#define LBA_TO_OFFSET(_a)	((_a) * SECTOR_SIZE)
-
-struct partition {
-	uint8_t bootable;
-	uint8_t startCHS[3];
-	uint8_t type;
-	uint8_t endCHS[3];
-	uint32_t startLBA;
-	uint32_t size;
-} __packed;
-
-struct MBR {
-	uint8_t bootstrap[446];
-	struct partition partitions[4];
-	uint16_t signature;
-} __packed;
-
-void readSectors(uint32_t lba, size_t count, void* buffer);
-void writeSectors(uint32_t lba, size_t count, void* buffer);
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/entry.c

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "fat32.h"
-#include "stdio.h"
-#include "defs.h"
-#include "disk.h"
-#include "menu.h"
-#include "kbd.h"
-
-noreturn void panic() { 
-	setAttr(0x04);
-	text(COLS/2, ROWS/2, "[ PANIC ]");
-	while (1) __asm__ volatile ("cli; hlt");
-}
-
-void drawPartitions(struct MBR* mbr, uint8_t sel);
-void partitonInfo(struct partition* part);
-struct partition* menu(struct MBR* mbr);
-
-__section("entry")
-noreturn void main() {
-	keyboardInit();
-	struct MBR mbr;
-	readSectors(0, 1, &mbr);
-	struct partition* bootpart = menu(&mbr);
-
-	setAttr(0x0f);
-	cls();
-	showCursor();
-
-	if (fat32_init(bootpart) != 0) {
-		setAttr(0x0c);
-		printf("Failed to initialize FAT32.");
-		panic();
-	}
-	
-	while (1);
-}
-
-struct partition* menu(struct MBR* mbr) {
-	// Select bootable partition by default
-	uint8_t selected = 0;
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-		if (mbr->partitions[i].bootable != BOOTABLE) continue;
-		selected = i;
-		break;
-	}
-	
-	// Initial draw
-	setAttr(0x0f);
-	cls();
-	hideCursor();
-	rect(0, 0, COLS, ROWS);
-	hline(0, 2, COLS);
-	setAttr(0x02);
-	text(COLS / 2, 1, "KBOOT");
-	drawPartitions(mbr, selected);
-	partitonInfo(&mbr->partitions[selected]);
-
-	while (1) {
-		// Check for up/down arrow keys or enter
-		uint8_t scancode = getScancode();
-		if (scancode == SC_ENTER) { // Boot selected
-			if (mbr->partitions[selected].type != 0) break;
-
-			// Don't allow booting an unused partition
-			setAttr(0x4f);
-			text(COLS / 2, ROWS / 2 + 6, "Unused Partition");
-		} else if (scancode != SC_EXTENDED) continue; // Not an arrow key
-		
-		scancode = getScancode();
-		if (scancode == SCE_ARROW_UP) selected--;
-		else if (scancode == SCE_ARROW_DOWN) selected++;
-		else continue;
-
-		if (selected == 0xff) selected = 3;
-		else if (selected == 4) selected = 0;
-
-		// Redraw
-		drawPartitions(mbr, selected);
-		partitonInfo(&mbr->partitions[selected]);
-	}
-	
-	return &mbr->partitions[selected];
-}
-
-void drawPartitions(struct MBR* mbr, uint8_t sel) {
-	uint32_t basey = ROWS / 2 - 2;
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-		if (i == sel) setAttr(0xf0);
-		else if (mbr->partitions[i].type == 0) setAttr(0x04);
-		else setAttr(0x0f);
-
-		text(COLS / 2, basey + i, " [ Partition %d ] ", i+1);
-	}
-}
-
-void partitonInfo(struct partition* part) {
-	uint32_t basey = ROWS / 2 + 6;
-	setAttr(0x02);
-
-	// Clear previous text
-	fill(1, basey, COLS - 2, 3, '\0');
-
-	if (part->type == 0) {
-		text(COLS / 2, basey, "Unused Partition");
-		return;
-	}
-
-	text(COLS / 2, basey, "Type: %02x%s", part->type, 
-		(part->bootable == BOOTABLE) ? "  Bootable" : "");
-	text(COLS / 2, basey + 1, "Start LBA: %d; End LBA: %d", 
-		part->startLBA, part->startLBA + part->size);
-	text(COLS / 2, basey + 2, "Length: 0x%x", part->size);
-}
-

boot/stage2/fat32.c

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "string.h"
-#include "disk.h"
-#include "fat32.h"
-
-// Local context
-struct fat32_ctx ctx;
-
-int fat32_init(struct partition* p) {
-	readSectors(p->startLBA, 1, &ctx.bpb);
-	ctx.offsetBase = p->startLBA;
-
-	if (ctx.bpb.bytesPerSect != SECTOR_SIZE) return 1;
-
-	ctx.offsetFats = ctx.offsetBase + ctx.bpb.reservedSects;
-	ctx.offsetClusts = ctx.offsetFats + ctx.bpb.fatCount * ctx.bpb.sectsPerFat_32;
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int fat32_open(char* filename, int flags, ...) {
-	// TODO: flags
-	
-	//struct fat32_traversed res = fat32_traverse(ctx, filename);
-	//if (!res.dir) return -1;
-
-
-}
-
-void fat32_close(void* file) {}
-
-int fat32_read(const void* buf, size_t size, size_t count, void* file) {}
-

boot/stage2/fat32.h

@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _FAT32_H
-#define _FAT32_H
-
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "defs.h"
-#include "disk.h"
-
-// Macros
-#define FAT32_PTR(_p)			((struct fat32_ctx*)(_p))
-#define FAT32_DIR_PTR(_p)		((struct fat32_fd*)(_p))
-#define FAT32_FULL_CLUST(_hi, _lo) 	(((uint32_t)(_hi) << 16) | (_lo))
-#define FAT32_INODE_GEN(_dir, _i)	((_dir) * 100 + (_i))
-
-// Long File Name (LFN)
-#define LFN_MAX		20
-#define LFN_MAX_CHARS	256
-
-// Attributes
-#define FAT32_ATTR_READ_ONLY	(1 << 0)
-#define FAT32_ATTR_HIDDEN	(1 << 1)
-#define FAT32_ATTR_SYSTEM	(1 << 2)
-#define FAT32_ATTR_VOLUME_ID	(1 << 3)
-#define FAT32_ATTR_DIRECTORY	(1 << 4)
-#define FAT32_ATTR_ARCHIVE	(1 << 5)
-#define FAT32_ATTR_LFN					\
-	(FAT32_ATTR_READ_ONLY | FAT32_ATTR_HIDDEN 	\
-	 FAT32_ATTR_SYSTEM    | FAT32_ATTR_VOLUME_ID)
-
-/* On-disk structures */ 
-
-// FAT32 Bios Parameter Block & Extended BPB
-struct fat32_bpb {
-	uint8_t bootjmp[3];
-	char oemName[8];
-	uint16_t bytesPerSect;
-	uint8_t sectsPerClust;
-	uint16_t reservedSects;
-	uint8_t fatCount;
-	uint16_t rootEntryCount;
-	uint16_t totalSects_16;
-	uint8_t mediaType;
-	uint16_t sectsPerFat_16;
-	uint16_t sectsPerTrack;
-	uint16_t headCount;
-	uint32_t hiddenSects;
-	uint32_t sectCount_32;
-	// Extended
-	uint32_t sectsPerFat_32;
-	uint16_t flags;
-	uint16_t fatVersion;
-	uint32_t rootClust;
-	uint16_t fsinfoSect;
-	uint16_t backupBootsect;
-	uint8_t _reserved[12];
-	uint8_t driveNum;
-	uint8_t winNTFlags;
-	uint8_t signature;
-	uint32_t volumeID;
-	char volumeLabel[11];
-	char systemID[8];
-	uint8_t bootcode[420];
-	uint16_t bootsig;
-} __packed;
-
-// FAT32 Directory Entry
-struct fat32_dentry {
-	char name[8];
-	char ext[3];
-	uint8_t attr;
-	uint8_t userattr;
-	char undelete;
-	uint16_t createTime;
-	uint16_t createDate;
-	uint16_t accessDate;
-	uint16_t clustHigh;
-	uint16_t modifyTime;
-	uint16_t modifyDate;
-	uint16_t clustLow;
-	uint32_t size;
-} __packed;
-
-// FAT32 Long File Name entry
-struct fat32_lfn {
-	uint8_t order;
-	uint8_t name1[10];
-	uint8_t attr;
-	uint8_t type;
-	uint8_t checksum;
-	uint8_t name2[12];
-	uint16_t zero;
-	uint8_t name3[4];
-} __packed;
-
-/* In memory structures */
-struct fat32_ctx {
-	size_t offsetBase;
-	size_t offsetFats;
-	size_t offsetClusts;
-
-	struct fat32_bpb bpb;
-};
-
-struct fat32_fd {
-	uint32_t ptr;
-	uint8_t index;
-	uint32_t dirStart;
-	uint32_t dirCurrent;
-	struct fat32_dentry dentry;
-};
-
-// Handlers
-int 	fat32_init(struct partition* p);
-int	fat32_open(char* filename, int flags, ...);	/* We won't use the va_args */
-
-
-void*	fat32_fopen(const char* path, const char* mode);
-void	fat32_fclose(void* file);
-int	fat32_fgetc(void* file);
-char*	fat32_fgets(char* s, size_t n, void* file);
-int	fat32_fread(const void* buf, size_t size, size_t count, void* file);
-int	fat32_fseek(void* file, size_t offset, int whence);
-long	fat32_ftell(void* file);
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/kbd.c

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "port.h"
-#include "kbd.h"
-
-// TODO: Maybe do some setup?
-int keyboardInit() { return 0; }
-
-uint8_t getScancode() {
-	while ((inb(PS2_STAT_PORT) & 0x01) == 0);
-	return inb(PS2_DATA_PORT);
-}
-

boot/stage2/kbd.h

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _KBD_H
-#define _KBD_H
-
-#include "stdint.h"
-
-#define PS2_DATA_PORT	0x60
-#define PS2_STAT_PORT	0x64
-
-// Scancodes
-#define SC_ENTER	0x1C
-#define SC_EXTENDED	0xE0
-// Extended scancodes
-#define SCE_ARROW_UP	0x48
-#define SCE_ARROW_DOWN	0x50
-
-int keyboardInit();
-uint8_t getScancode();
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/linker.ld

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-OUTPUT_FORMAT(binary)
-OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
-
-SECTIONS {
-	. = 0x70000;
-
-	.text : {
-		*(entry)
-		*(.text)
-	}
-
-	.rodata : {
-		*(.rodata)
-	}
-
-	.data : {
-		*(.data)
-	}
-
-	.bss : {
-		*(COMMON)
-		*(.bss)
-	}
-}

boot/stage2/menu.c

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-#include "stdarg.h"
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "string.h"
-#include "stdio.h"
-#include "menu.h"
-
-/*
- * The reason we subtract one from the width and height (or length) is because 
- * we use the (in this example) width to offset from the (in this example) x 
- * position. If something has a width of 1 character, the end of it should be 
- * at 'x + w', so if 'w' were 1, it would be off by one. Therefore we subtract 
- * one from the given dimensions.
- */
-
-void rect(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t _w, uint32_t _h) {
-	if (_w < 2 || _h < 2) return;
-	uint32_t w = _w - 1;
-	uint32_t h = _h - 1;
-	
-	// Top
-	putat(y, x, CORNER_TL);
-	for (size_t dx = 1; dx < w; dx++) putat(y, x + dx, LINE_H);
-	putat(y, x + w, CORNER_TR);
-
-	// Sides
-	for (size_t dy = 1; dy < h; dy++) {
-		putat(y + dy, x, LINE_V);
-		putat(y + dy, x + w, LINE_V);
-	}
-
-	// Bottom
-	putat(y + h, x, CORNER_BL);
-	for (size_t dx = 1; dx < w; dx++) putat(y + h, x + dx, LINE_H);
-	putat(y + h, x + w, CORNER_BR);
-}
-
-void fill(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, char c) {
-	// We don't add one to the dimensions here
-	for (size_t dy = 0; dy < h; dy++) {
-		for (size_t dx = 0; dx < w; dx++) {
-			putat(y + dy, x + dx, c);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-void hline(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t _len) {
-	uint32_t len = _len - 1;
-	putat(y, x, LINE_T_RIGHT);
-	for (size_t dx = 1; dx < len; dx++) putat(y, x + dx, LINE_H);
-	putat(y, x + len, LINE_T_LEFT);
-}
-
-void vline(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t _len) {
-	uint32_t len = _len - 1;
-	putat(y, x, LINE_T_DOWN);
-	for (size_t dy = 1; dy < len; dy++) putat(y + dy, x, LINE_V);
-	putat(y + len, x, LINE_T_UP);
-}
-
-void text(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, char* fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	char buf[256];
-	vsnprintf(buf, 256, fmt, args);
-	va_end(args);
-
-	uint32_t len = strlen(buf);
-	uint32_t basex = x - len / 2;
-
-	size_t i = 0;
-	while (buf[i] != '\0') putat(y, basex + i, buf[i++]);
-}
-

boot/stage2/menu.h

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _MENU_H
-#define _MENU_H
-
-// Box drawing characters
-#define SHADE_LIGHT	0xB0
-#define SHADE_MEDIUM	0xB1
-#define SHADE_DARK	0xB2
-#define LINE_V		0xB3
-#define LINE_T_LEFT	0xB4
-#define CORNER_TR	0xBF
-#define CORNER_BL	0xC0
-#define LINE_T_UP	0xC1
-#define LINE_T_DOWN	0xC2
-#define LINE_T_RIGHT	0xC3
-#define LINE_H		0xC4
-#define LINE_CROSS	0xC5
-#define CORNER_BR	0xD9
-#define CORNER_TL	0xDA
-#define BLOCK		0xDB
-#define BLOCK_UPPER	0xDC
-#define BLOCK_LEFT	0xDD
-#define BLOCK_RIGHT	0xDE
-#define BLOCK_LOWER	0xDF
-#define INT_UPPER	0xF4
-#define INT_LOWER	0xF5
-
-void rect(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t w, uint32_t h);
-void fill(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, char c);
-void hline(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t len);
-void vline(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t len);
-void text(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, char* fmt, ...);
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/port.h

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef PORT_H
-#define PORT_H
-
-#include "stdint.h"
-
-inline uint8_t inb(uint16_t port) {
-    uint8_t result;
-    __asm__ volatile("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(result) : "Nd"(port));
-    return result;
-}
-inline void outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t data) { 
-    __asm__ volatile("outb %0, %1" :: "a"(data), "Nd"(port));
-}
-
-inline uint16_t inw(uint16_t port) {
-    uint16_t result;
-    __asm__ volatile("inw %1, %0" : "=a"(result) : "Nd"(port));
-    return result;
-}
-inline void outw(uint16_t port, uint16_t data) {
-    __asm__ volatile("outw %0, %1" :: "a"(data), "Nd"(port));
-}
-
-inline uint32_t inl(uint16_t port) {
-    uint32_t result;
-    __asm__ volatile("inl %1, %0" : "=a"(result) : "Nd"(port));
-    return result;
-}
-inline void outl(uint16_t port, uint32_t data) {
-    __asm__ volatile("outl %0, %1" :: "a"(data), "Nd"(port));
-}
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/stdarg.h

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _STDARG_H
-#define _STDARG_H
-
-typedef char* va_list;
-#define va_start(ap, paramn) (void)((ap) = (char*)(&(paramn) + 1))
-#define va_end(ap) (void)((ap) = 0)
-#define va_arg(ap, type) (((type*)((ap) = ((ap) + sizeof(type))))[-1])
-
-#endif
-

boot/stage2/stdint.h

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _STDINT_H
-#define _STDINT_H
-
-#define NULL ((void*)0)
-
-// Naitive size
-typedef unsigned int size_t;
-typedef signed int ssize_t;
-
-// Signed ints
-typedef signed char int8_t;
-typedef signed short int16_t;
-typedef signed int int32_t;
-typedef signed long long int64_t;
-
-// Unsigned ints
-typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
-typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
-typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
-typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/stdio.c

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-#include "stdarg.h"
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "string.h"
-#include "stdio.h"
-#include "port.h"
-
-static uint32_t xpos;
-static uint32_t ypos;
-static uint8_t attr;
-
-void setAttr(uint8_t newattr) { attr = newattr; }
-
-void setCursor(uint32_t row, uint32_t col) {
-	xpos = col;
-	ypos = row;
-	updateCursor();
-}
-
-void updateCursor() {
-	uint16_t pos = xpos + ypos * COLS;
-
-	outb(0x3d4, 0x0f);
-	outb(0x3d5, pos & 0xff);
-	outb(0x3d4, 0x0e);
-	outb(0x3d5, (pos >> 8) & 0xff);
-}
-
-void hideCursor() {
-	outb(0x3d4, 0x0a);
-	outb(0x3d5, 0x20);
-}
-
-void showCursor() {
-	uint8_t start 	= 0;
-	uint8_t end 	= 15;
-
-	outb(0x3d4, 0x0a);
-	outb(0x3d5, (inb(0x3d5) & 0xc0) | start);
-	outb(0x3d4, 0x0b);
-	outb(0x3d5, (inb(0x3d5) & 0xe0) | end);
-}
-
-void cls() {
-	uint8_t* vidmem = (uint8_t*)VIDMEM;
-
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < ROWS * COLS; i++) {
-		vidmem[i * 2] = 0;
-		vidmem[i * 2 + 1] = attr;
-	}
-	
-	xpos = 0;
-	ypos = 0;
-	updateCursor();
-}
-
-void putat(uint32_t row, uint32_t col, int c) {
-	uint8_t* vidmem = (uint8_t*)VIDMEM;
-	vidmem[(col + row * COLS) * 2] = c & 0xFF;
-	vidmem[(col + row * COLS) * 2 + 1] = attr;
-}
-
-void newline() {
-	xpos = 0;
-	ypos++;
-	if (ypos >= ROWS) ypos = 0;
-	updateCursor();
-}
-
-void putc(int c) {
-	putat(ypos, xpos, c);
-	xpos++;
-	if (xpos >= COLS) newline();
-	updateCursor();
-}
-
-void puts(char* s) {
-	while (*s != '\0') {
-		if (*s == '\n' || *s == '\r') {
-			newline();
-			s++;
-		} else putc(*s++);
-	}
-}
-
-int vsnprintf(void* buf, size_t len, char* fmt, va_list args) {
-	char* str = (char*)buf;
-	size_t pos = 0;
-
-	while (*fmt != '\0') {
-		if (*fmt != '%') {
-			if (pos < len - 1) str[pos++] = *fmt++;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		fmt++;
-		char pad = ' ';
-		int width = 0;
-
-		if (*fmt == '0') pad = '0';
-		while (*fmt >= '0' && *fmt <= '9') {
-			width *= 10;
-			width += *fmt++ - '0';
-		}
-
-		// DO NOT TALK ABOUT THIS ABOMINATION
-		char* s;
-		switch (*fmt++) {
-		case 'd': s = itoa(va_arg(args, int), 10); goto string;
-		case 'x': s = itoa(va_arg(args, int), 16); goto string;
-		case 's': s = va_arg(args, char*); goto string;
-		case 'c': if (pos < len - 1) str[pos++] = va_arg(args, char); break;
-		case '%': if (pos < len - 1) str[pos++] = '%'; break;
-		default:
-			if (pos < len - 1) str[pos++] = '%';
-			if (pos < len - 1) str[pos++] = *(fmt - 1);
-			break;
-		string: 
-			width -= strlen(s) - 1;
-			if (width < 0) width = 0;
-			while (width-- && pos < len - 1) str[pos++] = pad;
-			while (*s && pos < len - 1) str[pos++] = *s++;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (len > 0) {
-		if (pos < len) str[pos++] = '\0';
-		else str[len - 1] = '\0';	// Shouldn't be able to be reached, but who knows
-	}
-
-	return pos;
-}
-
-int printf(char* fmt, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	char buf[256];
-	int ret = vsnprintf(buf, 256, fmt, args);
-	va_end(args);
-	puts(buf);
-	return ret;
-}
-

boot/stage2/stdio.h

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _STDIO_H
-#define _STDIO_H
-
-#include "stdarg.h"
-#include "stdint.h"
-
-#define VIDMEM	0xb8000
-#define COLS	80
-#define ROWS	25
-
-void setAttr(uint8_t attr);
-void setCursor(uint32_t row, uint32_t col);
-void updateCursor();
-void hideCursor();
-void showCursor();
-
-void cls();
-void newline();
-void putc(int c);
-void puts(char* s);
-int printf(char* fmt, ...);
-int vsnprintf(void* buf, size_t len, char* fmt, va_list args);
-void putat(uint32_t row, uint32_t col, int c);
-
-#endif

boot/stage2/string.c

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-#include "stdint.h"
-#include "string.h"
-
-char* itoa(size_t val, int base) {
-	static char buf[32] = { 0 };
-
-	if (base == 0 || base > 16) return NULL; 
-
-	if (val == 0) {
-		buf[0] = '0';
-		buf[1] = '\0';
-		return buf;
-	}
-
-	int i;
-	buf[31] = '\0';
-	for (i = 30; val && i; i--, val /= base) {
-		buf[i] = "0123456789abcdef"[val % base];
-	}
-
-	return &buf[i + 1];
-}
-
-void* memcpy(void* src, void* dst, size_t length) {
-	uint8_t* p = dst;
-	size_t i = 0;
-	while (i < length) p[i] = *(uint8_t*)(src + i);
-	return dst;
-}
-
-void* memset(void* dst, uint8_t val, size_t length) {
-	uint8_t* p = dst;
-	size_t i = 0;
-	while (i < length) p[i++] = val;
-	return dst;
-}
-
-char* strcpy(char* str1, const char* str2) {
-	char* p = str1;
-	while (*str2 != '\0') *p++ = *str2++;
-	return str1;
-}
-
-char* strcat(char* str1, const char* str2) {
-	char* p = str1;
-	while (*str2++ != '\0');
-	while (*str2 != '\0') *p++ = *str2++;
-	return str1;
-}
-
-char* strchr(const char* str, char c) {
-	char* p = (char*)str;
-	while (*p != '\0' && *p != c) p++;
-    	return (*p == c) ? p : NULL;
-}
-
-int strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2) {
-    while (*str1 != '\0' && *str1 == *str2) {
-        str1++;
-        str2++;
-    }
-
-    uint8_t c1 = (*(uint8_t*)str1);
-    uint8_t c2 = (*(uint8_t*)str2);
-
-    return ((c1 < c2) ? -1 : (c1 > c2));
-}
-
-size_t strlen(const char* str) {
-	size_t len = 0;
-	while (str[len++] != '\0');
-	return len;
-}
-

boot/stage2/string.h

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _STRING_H
-#define _STRING_H
-
-#include "stdint.h"
-
-char* itoa(size_t val, int base);
-void* memcpy(void* src, void* dst, size_t length);
-void* memset(void* dst, uint8_t value, size_t length);
-char* strcpy(char* str1, const char* str2);
-char* strcat(char* str1, const char* str2);
-char* strchr(const char* str, char c);
-int strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2);
-size_t strlen(const char* str);
-
-#endif

config.mk

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Tools
+HOSTCC = cc
+CC = cc
+LD = ld
+AS = nasm
+AR = ar
+OBJCOPY = objcopy
+MAKE = make
+
+# Flags
+HOSTCCFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -O2
+CCFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -m64 -ffreestanding -fcommon -Iinclude \
+	  -mcmodel=kernel \
+	  -fno-pie \
+	  -fno-omit-frame-pointer \
+	  -mno-mmx \
+	  -mno-80387 \
+	  -fno-stack-protector \
+	  -mno-red-zone \
+	  -nostartfiles \
+	  -nostdlib \
+	  -nostdinc \
+	  -fno-lto
+ASFLAGS = -felf64
+LDFLAGS = -melf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static \
+	  --no-dynamic-linker \
+	  -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000
+ARFLAGS =
+
+# Kernel config
+CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL = 7
+
+# Sysroot
+LIMINE_CFG = ./limine.conf
+
+# Disk image
+IMG_NAME = disk.img
+IMG_SIZE = 256
+
+# Qemu
+Q_MEMORY = 256M
+Q_AUDIODEV = pipewire
+Q_LOGGING = int,cpu_reset
+Q_LOGFILE = qemu.log
+

defaults.mk

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Tools
-HOSTCC = cc
-CC = i686-elf-gcc
-LD = i686-elf-ld
-AS = nasm
-AR = i686-elf-ar
-OBJCOPY = i686-elf-objcopy
-MAKE = make
-
-# Flags
-HOSTCFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Os -std=c17 -g
-CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wno-pointer-arith\
-	 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-builtin -fno-pie -fcommon\
-	 -O2 -std=c17 -nostdinc -nostdlib -z notext -march=i386 -g
-LDFLAGS = -melf_i386
-ASFLAGS = 
-ARFLAGS =
-

docs/bootloader.txt

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
- Bootloader
-============
-
-Kern uses a two stage bootloader. The first stage is the 512 byte bootsector. 
-This code loads the 2nd stage, which is in the next seven sectors.
-Together this whole bootloader takes up the first filesystem block (4kiB).
-
-Bootframe
----------
-When the bootloader runs the kernel, it pushes a 32-bit address that points 
-to the bootframe It follows the following structure:
-* Memory map
-* Video memory
-* ...todo
-
-It is defined in the libk header 'boot.h'
-

docs/bootup.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Bootup Sequence
+===============
+
+When the system boots, the bootloader will look for a kernel image and init ram
+disk. It will do some basic setup, load these into memory and hand over control.
+Since kern uses a µ-kernel, it only contains the minimal number of device
+drives that it must. One of these is a ramfs/tmpfs driver. It uses this driver
+to load and execute a program at '/init' inside the initrd as process 1. This
+process is then responsable for running things like a disk & filesystem server
+that loads the actual OSes root filesystem. Usually it would also replace
+iself with '/sbin/init' from the root filesystem that would finish initialization
+and do things like launching a login shell, etc.
+

docs/building.txt

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-Building & Running
-==================
-_If you want to try kern for some reason, you can._
-
-Tools
------
-* [NASM](https://www.nasm.us/)
-* [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/) (for emulation)
-
-Unix-Like Systems
-*****************
-* [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/)
-
-On MacOS
-********
-* A cross compiler: `$ brew tap nativeos/i386-elf-toolchain && brew install i386-elf-binutils i386-elf-gcc`
-
-Commands
---------
-```sh
-$ make # Or 'make os'
-$ make run # Run QEMU
-```
-
-_I personally wouldn't recommend running this on real hardware, because it's untested and will just probably break you pc, but if you really want to, you can try it, but don't blame me if something goes wrong._

docs/coding-style.txt

@@ -57,9 +57,8 @@ should not be placed after/before unary operators or member access operators.
 Naming
 ------
 _The hardest thing in programming_
-Identifiers should use camelCase (starting with lowercase). In special
-cases (e.g. syscall handlers) a short prefix separated with an underscore
-may be used (e.g. 'sys_malloc').
+Identifiers should use snake_case (starting with lowercase). And should have a
+short prefix to indicate what system they're from (e.g. 'vmm_alloc' & 'pmm_alloc').
 
 Global variables (that should be sparse) and global functions need good,
 descriptive names. A disk reading function shouldn't be called 'dskrd()'.
@@ -70,18 +69,14 @@ should be named 'i' and not loopCounter.
 Some good naming examples:
 ```c
 // Random good function names
-int32_t findFreeBlock(uint32_t count);
-int32_t ttyWrite(const void* buf, size_t len);
-uint8_t	getRtcRegister(uint8_t reg);
+int32_t disk_find_free_block(uint32_t count);
+int32_t tty_write(const void* buf, size_t len);
+uint8_t	get_rtc_register(uint8_t reg);
 
-// Serial functions all start with 'serial'
-int serialSetup();
-void serialWrite(uint8_t byte);
-uint8_t serialRead();
-
-// Syscall handlers are prefixed with 'sys_'
-int sys_malloc(struct intFrame iframe);
-int sys_free(struct intFrame iframe);
+// Serial functions all start with 'serial_'
+int serial_init();
+void serial_write(uint8_t byte);
+uint8_t serial_read();
 ```
 
 Labels, for 'goto' statements or assembly, should be snake_case.
@@ -149,7 +144,7 @@ lowercase names. Generally, inline functions are prefered over macros.
 If a macro uses more than one statement, enclose them in their own scope.
 ```c
 #define MAGIC(_x)\
-	if (_x > 0) doSomething(_x);
+	if ((_x) > 0) doSomething(_x);
 ```
 
 Things to look out for:
@@ -177,7 +172,8 @@ These functions can be called uncoditionally. Empty inline functions work too.
 
 Using Bool
 **********
-You may use bool, but are not required to. It does improve readability
+You may use bool, but are not required to. It does improve readability, but i
+personally prefer int.
 
 Allocating Memory
 *****************
@@ -212,3 +208,8 @@ For example `drivers/fat32.h would have this guard:
 #endif
 ```
 
+Hex literals
+************
+Hexadecimal literals are preffered over binary and should be written in uppercase.
+Example: 0xA1B2C0DE
+

docs/doc-syntax.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+Documentation Syntax
+====================
+
+Headers
+-------
+You may utilize three levels of headers. The highest headers are underlined with
+equal signs (see the top of this document). The second header level is
+underlined with dashes (see the header of this section). The lowest level of
+headings are underlined with asterisks. The number of underline characters shall
+be the same length as the header.
+
+Lists
+-----
+There are two types of lists: ordered and unordered lists. Ordered lists are
+written with hashes separated by a space at the start of lines like this:
+# First entry
+# Another entry
+# The last entry
+
+Unordered lists are written with a asterisk separated by a space instead:
+* No numbers here
+* Not even here
+
+Lists may also be indented with a tab.
+
+Ephasizing
+----------
+If you want to emphasize some text you have these options:
+* **Bold**
+* __Italics__
+* ~~Strikethrough~~
+
+If you don't want some text to be formatted, you can escape it with a backslash.
+
+Code blocks
+-----------
+One can write code blocks either as inline by wrapping the code in backticks
+like this: `malloc()`. Multiline code blocks can be written by indenting the
+code as so:
+	#include <stdio.h>
+
+	int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+		printf("Args for %s:\n", argv[0]);
+		for (size_t i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+			printf("\t%s\n", argv[i]);
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+Code blocks ignore all documentation formatting.
+
+References
+----------
+References to other pieces of documentation may be inserted using this syntax:
+* `[[doc-syntax]]` displays as [[doc-syntax]] and links to `doc-syntax.txt`
+* `[[Documentation syntax|doc-syntax]]` displays as [[Documentation syntax|doc-syntax]] and links to `doc-syntax.txt`
+* `[[doc-syntax]]-document` displays as [[doc-syntax]]-document and links to `doc-syntax.txt`
+

docs/errors.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Error handling
+==============
+
+Functions that can fail must have a way of telling the caller that something
+went wrong and preferably what went wrong. The simplest and cleanest way of 
+indicating an error is a return code. Error codes are defined in the <errno.h>
+header alongside some helpfull macros.
+
+Error codes have identifiers like these: ENOMEM, ENOENT, EALIGN, ...
+They are defined as positive values, however all functions should return a
+negative integer on error, so it would look something like 'return -EFAULT;'.
+Also theres SUCCESS which is just 0. You can use it, but don't need to.
+
+If you are returning a pointer/address, the highest address is almost certainly
+unused, so returning '(void*)-EINVAL', should work just fine. This is quite an
+eyesore, so there are three macros for working with these "errno-in-pointer"s.
+IS_ERR(ptr) just returns 1 if the pointer is an errno. Otherwise 0.
+ERR_PTR(err) does that void* cast mentioned above so it would be ERR_PTR(-EINVAL).
+PTR_ERR(ptr) is the inverse of ERR_PTR(), as it converts a errno-in-pointer to
+an errno value. PTR_ERR(ERR_PTR(-EIO)) == -EIO
+
+
+Here are some usage examples:
+	int pag_init(void) {
+		if (...) return -ENOMEM; // Not enough memory
+		
+		void* paddr = pmm_alloc();
+		if (IS_ERR(paddr)) return PTR_ERR(paddr); // Pass the error down
+
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+

docs/escape.txt

@@ -1,46 +1,51 @@
---- Terminal Escape Sequences ---
+Terminal Escape Sequences
+=========================
 
-Escape character:
-    char:   '\e'
-    hex:    0x1b
-    oct:    0o33
-    dec:    27
+Escape character
+----------------
+* hex: 0x1b
+* oct: 0o33
+* dec: 27
 
 Note: the escape character will be denoted by ESC here
 
-Syntax:
-    All escape sequenced start with the escape character followed by an opening square bracket '['
-    The sequence can take any number of arguments in a semicolon separated list
-    If a argument is skipped, it will be implicitly set to 0 unless stated otherwise 
-    The escape sequence must end with a uppercase or lowercase letter
+Syntax
+------
+All escape sequenced start with the escape character followed by an opening
+square bracket '['. The sequence can take any number of arguments in a semicolon
+separated list. If a argument is skipped, it will be implicitly set to 0 unless
+stated otherwise. The escape sequence must end with a uppercase or lowercase
+letter.
 
-Available escape sequences:
-    - Cursor Controls -
-    `ESC[#A` - Moves cursor # rows up (default: 1)
-    `ESC[#B` - Moves cursor # rows down (default: 1)
-    `ESC[#C` - Moves cursor # columns left (default: 1)
-    `ESC[#D` - Moves cursor # columns right (default: 1)
-    `ESC[#E` - Moves cursor to #th row
-    `ESC[#F` - Moves cursor to #th column
-    `ESC[#G` - Show (# = 1) or hide (# = 0) cursor
-    `ESC[{row};{col}H`  - Moves cursor to specified position (if not arguments given, moves to [0,0])
-    - Erase functions -
-    `ESC[I`  - Reserved (Falls though to erase screen)
-    `ESC[J`  - Erase screen
-    `ESC[K`  - Erase line (not implemented)
-    `ESC[L`  - Erase column (not implemented)
-    - Text Style -
-    `ESC[#M` - Sets foreground color to # (default 8)
-    `ESC[#N` - Sets backgorund color to # (default 8)
+Available escape sequences
+--------------------------
+Cursor Controls
+* `ESC[#A` - Moves cursor # rows up (default: 1)
+* `ESC[#B` - Moves cursor # rows down (default: 1)
+* `ESC[#C` - Moves cursor # columns left (default: 1)
+* `ESC[#D` - Moves cursor # columns right (default: 1)
+* `ESC[#E` - Moves cursor to #th row
+* `ESC[#F` - Moves cursor to #th column
+* `ESC[#G` - Show (# = 1) or hide (# = 0) cursor
+* `ESC[{row};{col}H`  - Moves cursor to specified position (if not arguments given, moves to [0,0])
+Erase functions
+* `ESC[I`  - Reserved (Falls though to erase screen)
+* `ESC[J`  - Erase screen
+* `ESC[K`  - Erase line (not implemented)
+* `ESC[L`  - Erase column (not implemented)
+Text Style
+* `ESC[#M` - Sets foreground color to # (default 8)
+* `ESC[#N` - Sets backgorund color to # (default 8)
 
-Color codes:
-    0 - Black   
-    1 - Red     
-    2 - Green   
-    3 - Yellow  
-    4 - Blue    
-    5 - Magenta 
-    6 - Cyan    
-    7 - White   
-    8 - Default
+Color codes
+-----------
+* 0 - Black   (000)
+* 1 - Red     (100)
+* 2 - Green   (010)
+* 3 - Yellow  (110)
+* 4 - Blue    (001)
+* 5 - Magenta (101)
+* 6 - Cyan    (011)
+* 7 - White   (111)
+* 8 - Default
 

docs/fileStructure.txt

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-=== Project Structure ===
-
-Root contains the Makefile that is used to build kern and some documents.
-It also contains these directories:
-    src/    - Kernel source code
-    boot/   - Bootloader code
-    libc/   - C Standard library
-    libk/   - Kernel library
-    docs/   - Some documentation (mainly for me)
-    other/  - Things like screenshot, etc.
-    usr/    - Userspace files like fonts and programs
-    bin/    - Intermediary binaries
-
-After running the Makefile and succesfully building the OS 
-a 'kern.iso' file will be created in the root directory
-

docs/fs-spec.txt

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
- Filesystem
-============
-
-Sector = 512 Bytes
-Block  = 4096 Bytes
-
-Reserved sectors
-----------------
-* Sector 0..7 - Bootblock, constains bootloader code that gets ran by the BIOS   (4KiB)
-* Sector 8..F - Superblock, contains metadata about the filesystem itself        (4KiB)
-
-Superblock structure (4096B)
---------------------
-* Device ID
-* Max File Size
-* INode Count
-* INode Bitmap Block
-* INodes Start
-* INode Block Count
-* INodes per sector
-* Data Bitmap Block
-* Data Start
-* Data Block Count
-* Root INode Pointer
-* First Unreserved INode
-
-INode structure (64B)
----------------
-* Type
-* Size (bytes)
-* Sector Count (size in sectors)
-* Mode
-* Extent[4]
-* Single Indirect
-* Double Indirect?
-
-Extent (8B)
-------
-* Block
-* Length
- 
-Directory Entry (64B)
----------------
-* INode Number
-* Name (max length 60 Bytes)
-
-Filetypes
----------
-* File
-* Directory
-# TODO
-* Link
-* Device
-* Stream?
-
-These structs are defined in the libk header 'fs/fs.h'
-

docs/memory-management.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+Memory Management
+=================
+
+Memory management is split into three layers: physical, virtual & the heap.
+
+pmm.h
+-----
+The **physical memory manager** (PMM) is responsible for allocating physical
+memory. It gives `pmm_*` functions. The `pmm_allocPage()` function allocates a
+4kB page frame and retuns its **physical address**.
+
+vmm.h
+-----
+The **virtual memory manager** (VMM) is responsible for allocating virtual
+memory. It provides `vmm_*` functions. The `vmm_alloc()` function takes in a
+number of 4kB pages to allocate and returns the **virtual address** of the
+first page. Userspace can interface with the VMM using the `mmap()` and
+`munmap()` syscalls.
+
+kmalloc.h
+---------
+The `kmalloc.h` header provides memory management functions for kernel memory.
+
+`void* kmalloc(size_t size)`
+****************************
+**Parameters**
+* `size_t size` - Number of bytes to allocate
+
+**Descriptions**
+This function allocates `size` bytes of contiguous memory.
+
+**Returns**
+A pointer to allocated memory or NULL.
+
+`void* kzalloc(size_t size)`
+****************************
+**Parameters**
+* `size_t size` - Number of bytes to allocate
+
+**Description**
+This function allocates `size` bytes of contiguous, zeroed-out memory.
+
+**Returns**
+A pointer to allocated memory or NULL.
+
+`void* kcalloc(size_t count, size_t size)`
+******************************************
+**Parameters**
+* `size_t count` - 
+

docs/memory-map.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Memory Map
+==========
+__This document specifies the **virtual** memory map. The **physical** memory
+map is not OS defined and should be provided by the bootloader.__
+
+| 00000000 | Null Page		|
+| 00001000 | TODO: userspace	|
+| C0000000 | Kernel Base	|
+| C0100000 | Kernel Binary Base	|
+| C6000000 | VMM Bitmap		|
+| C8000000 | Kernel Framebuffer	|
+| CFFE0000 | PMM Bitmap		|
+| D0000000 | Kernel Heap	|
+| F0000000 | Kernel Shared	|
+| FFFFF000 | Recursive pagedir	|
+

docs/modules.txt

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-Kern Dev Struct
-===============
-
-Independant Modules
--------------------
-* Each MUST have their own directory (eg. 'kernel/', 'boot/')
-* Each MAY have their own internal independant submodules (eg. userspace programs in 'usr/')
-* A module MAY be dependant on it's own submodules, but it's submodules MUST be independant of each other
-* Each MUST have a makefile in their directory (eg. 'libc/makefile')
-* Each module makefile MUST implement the 'all' and 'clean' targets
-* Each module MUST be listed in the 'make.defaults' directory
-* Each module MUST be self-contained and independentally compilable
-* A module SHOULD output binaries into the 'bin/' directory
-
-kern (Root "module", is dependant on all of it's submodules)
- |- boot
- |   |- bootsect (stage1)
- |   '- bootload (stage2)
- |- kernel
- |   '- libk
- |- libc (C Standard Library)
- '- user !EXCEPTION: Userspace programs are dependant upon libc!
-     |- coreutils
-     |- fdisk
-     |- init
-     |- mkfs
-     |- sh
-     ..
-
-TODO
-====
-[ ] boot
-[ ] kernel
-[x] libc
-[ ] user
-[ ] makefile
-[ ] make.defaults
-

docs/os-filesys.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+OS Filesystem
+=============
+
+Here's how the filesystem is layed out:
+	/
+	|- bin/		Administrator binaries
+	|- boot/	Files required to boot, like the kernel
+	|- dev/		Device nodes
+	|- etc/		Configuration files
+	|- lib/		Shared libraties
+	|- sbin/	System binaries
+	|- usr/		Regular user stuff
+	|  |- bin/	User binaries
+	|  |- include/	Headers
+	|  '- share/	"Constant" stuff, same across systems
+	'- tmp/		Temporary filesystem, cleared on reboot
+

docs/paging.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+How paging works
+================
+NOTE: This is mainly so I can wrap my head around paging.
+
+Table levels
+------------
+Since 2^64 is quite a large number, paging uses a bunch of tables to organize
+& navigate pages. These are also called layers & 4-layer paging is most common.
+* Level 1 - Page Table (PT)
+* Level 2 - Page Directory (PD)
+* Level 3 - Page Directory Pointer Table (PDPT)
+* Level 4 - Page Map Layer 4 (PML4)
+* Level 5 - Page Map Layer 5 (PML5) (optional)
+
+Virtual address
+---------------
+A 64-bit virtual address has four parts:
+* 47-39 - PML4 index
+* 38-30 - PDPT index
+* 29-21 - PD index
+* 20-12 - PT index
+* 11-0  - 4 kiB page offset
+
+Note that the top 16 bits are unused. These must always be all 0s or all 1s.
+
+Walking the tables
+------------------
+Here are the steps that the MMU will take to translate an address:
+1. Find the physical address of the PML4 in the CR3 register
+2. Index the PML4 with bits 47-39 to find the paddr of the PDPT
+3. Index the PDPT with bits 38-30 to find the paddr of the PD
+4. Index the PD with bits 29-21 to find the paddr of the PT
+5. Index the PT with bits 20-12 to find the paddr of the Page
+6. Offset the Page address by bits 11-0 to find the actual byte
+
+The flags
+---------
+Since all physical addresses in these tables MUST be page (4 kiB) aligned, the
+bottom 12 bits will always be zero. These bits are used to store Page Table
+Entry (PTE) flags. Since the 64-bit address space is SO large, bits 52-63 are
+also used for flags. Here's how a PTE entry looks:
+* 0 - Present, 0 - page fault, 1 - page is in RAM
+* 1 - Writable, 0 - read-only, 1 - read & write
+* 2 - Userspace, 0 - kernel only, 1 - user & kernel
+* 3 - Page-level write-through caching
+* 4 - Page-level cache disable
+* 5 - Accesed, set by CPU when page is read or written to
+* 6 - Dirty, set by CPU when page is written to (level 1 only)
+* 7 - Page size, 0 - 4 kiB, 1 - 2 MiB or 1 GiB
+* 8-11 and 52-62 - Available to be used by kernel
+* 63 - No execute, 0 - executable, 1 - not executable
+
+There are some flags that only apply to certain levels and page sizes, Please
+see the diagram at https://wiki.osdev.org/Paging for more info.
+
+Large pages
+-----------
+I don't know man.
+
+Caching
+-------
+I couldn't tell ya.
+

docs/syscalls.txt

@@ -1,19 +1,79 @@
-=== System Calls === 
+System Calls 
+============
 
-Syscall handlers are prefixed by 'sys_'
-Syscalls can be called using interrupt 0x80
-The EAX register should countain a syscall number on calling and it will contain a return value (if applicable) after calling
+System calls are a way of interfacing with the kernel from userspace.
 
---- Syscall Table ---
+Calling
+-------
+System calls are called via interrupt 0x80. Arguments can be passed through
+registers in this order with EAX containing the system call number (see [Table](#Table))
+and arguments in EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI and EBP respectively.
+
+Table
+-----
+
+
+Syscalls
+--------
+
+pid_t fork(void);
+Creates a child process.
+
+void exit(int status);
+Terminate the calling process.
+
+pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid);
+Wait untill a process changes state.
+
+int kill(pid_t, int sig);
+Send a signal to a process.
+
+pid_t getpid(void);
+Get PID of calling process.
+
+void sleep(size_t t);
+Sleep for **t** clock ticks.
+
+int exec(char* path, char** argv);
+Execute a program.
+
+int brk(void* addr);
+Change data segment size.
+
+int open(char* path, int flags);
+Open and possibly create a file.
+
+int close(int fd);
+Close a file descriptor.
+
+ssize_t read(int fd, void* buf, size_t count);
+Read up to **count** bytes into **buf**.
+
+ssize_t write(int fd, void* buf, size_t count);
+Write up to **count** bytes from **buf**.
+
+int dup(int oldfd);
+Duplicate a file descriptor.
+
+int pipe(int pipe[2]);
+Create a pipe and return it's file descriptors in **pipe**.
+
+int chdir(char* path);
+Change the current directory of calling process.
+
+int mkdir(char* path);
+Create a new directory.
+
+int mknod(char* path, int maj, int min);
+Create a new device file.
+
+int link(char* f1, char* f2);
+Creates another filename (**f2**) for **f1**.
+
+int unlink(char* path);
+Delete a filename.
+
+int fstat(int fd, struct stat* statbuf);
+Return info about a file.
 
-| NR | SYSC NAME | RETURN (EAX) | ARG0 (EBX) | ARG1 (ECX) | ARG2 (EDX) |
-| 00 | reserved  |       -      |      -     |      -     |      -     |
-| 01 | sleep     |       -      | uint ms    |      -     |      -     |
-| 02 | read      | int count    | int fd     | char* buf  | uint count |
-| 03 | write     | int count    | int fd     | char* buf  | uint count |
-| 04 | open      | int fd       | char* path | int oflag  |      -     |
-| 05 | close     | int status   | int fd     |      -     |      -     |
-| 06 | malloc    | void* buf    | int count  |      -     |      -     |
-| 07 | free      |       -      | void* buf  |      -     |      -     |
-| 08 | seek      | #TBD         |            |            |            |
 

docs/unix-syscalls.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Unix-like system calls
+======================
+
+pid_t fork(void);
+Creates a child process.
+
+void exit(int status);
+Terminate the calling process.
+
+pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid);
+Wait untill a process changes state.
+
+int kill(pid_t, int sig);
+Send a signal to a process.
+
+pid_t getpid(void);
+Get PID of calling process.
+
+void sleep(size_t t);
+Sleep for **t** clock ticks.
+
+int exec(char* path, char** argv);
+Execute a program.
+
+int brk(void* addr);
+Change data segment size.
+
+int open(char* path, int flags);
+Open and possibly create a file.
+
+int close(int fd);
+Close a file descriptor.
+
+ssize_t read(int fd, void* buf, size_t count);
+Read up to **count** bytes into **buf**.
+
+ssize_t write(int fd, void* buf, size_t count);
+Write up to **count** bytes from **buf**.
+
+int dup(int oldfd);
+Duplicate a file descriptor.
+
+int pipe(int pipe[2]);
+Create a pipe and return it's file descriptors in **pipe**.
+
+int chdir(char* path);
+Change the current directory of calling process.
+
+int mkdir(char* path);
+Create a new directory.
+
+int mknod(char* path, int maj, int min);
+Create a new device file.
+
+int link(char* f1, char* f2);
+Creates another filename (**f2**) for **f1**.
+
+int unlink(char* path);
+Delete a filename.
+
+int fstat(int fd, struct stat* statbuf);
+Return info about a file.

kernel/include/bootloader.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#ifndef _BOOTLOADER_H
+#define _BOOTLOADER_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <limine.h>
+
+struct bootloader {
+	offset_t hhdm_offset;
+	uintptr_t kernel_virt_base;
+	intptr_t kernel_phys_base;
+	size_t mm_total_memory;
+	size_t mm_entry_count;
+	LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_memmap_entry**) mm_entries;
+	size_t fb_entry_count;
+	LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_framebuffer**) fb_entries;
+	LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_file*) executable;
+};
+
+extern struct bootloader bootloader;
+
+#define IS_INSIDE_HHDM(_addr) \
+	((size_t)(_addr) >= bootloader.hhdm_offset &&	\
+	 (size_t)(_addr) <= (bootloader.hhdm_offset + bootloader.mm_total))
+
+int boot_init(void);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/ctype.h

@@ -1,20 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef _CTYPE_H
 #define _CTYPE_H
 
-/* 
- * Bitfield values
- *
- *  Property   | Bit 
- * ------------|-----
- *  Digit      |  0
- *  Letter     |  1
- *  Lowercase  |  2
- *  Punct      |  3
- *  Space      |  4
- *  Control    |  5
- *  Printable  |  6
- *  Hex digit  |  7
- */
 #define _DIGIT_MASK (1<<0)
 #define _ALPHA_MASK (1<<1)
 #define _LOWER_MASK (1<<2)
@@ -44,8 +30,4 @@ extern const unsigned char _CTYPE_TABLE[256];
 // Why is this one's name longer :((
 #define isxdigit(_c) _CTYPE_CHECK((_c), _HEXDG_MASK);
 
-// TODO:
-// tolower()
-// toupper()
-
 #endif

kernel/include/errno.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef _ERRNO_H
+#define _ERRNO_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#define ERRNO_MAX 4095
+
+#define IS_ERR(_ptr) ((uintptr_t)(_ptr) >= (uintptr_t)(-ERRNO_MAX))
+
+#define ERR_PTR(_err) ((void*)(_err))
+#define PTR_ERR(_ptr) ((int)(intptr_t)(_ptr))
+
+// TODO: Add correct errno.h numbers
+enum {
+	SUCCESS = 0,
+	ENOMEM,		// Cannot allocate memory
+	EPERM,		// Operation not permitted
+	ENOENT,		// No entry (no such file or directory)
+	EIO,		// Input/Output error
+	ENXIO,		// No such device or address
+	EAGAIN,		// Resource temporarly busy
+	EACCES,		// Permission denied
+	EFAULT,		// Bad address
+	ENODEV,		// No such device
+	EINVAL,		// Invalid argument
+	EDOM,		// Numerical argument out of domain
+	ERANGE,		// Numerical result out of range
+	ENOSYS,		// Function not implemented
+	ENOTSUP,	// Not supported
+	EILLSEQ,	// Illegal byte sequence
+	EOVERFLOW,	// 
+	EALIGN,		// Not aligned
+};
+
+#endif

kernel/include/exceptions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef _EXCEPTIONS_H
+#define _EXCEPTIONS_H
+
+#include "isr.h"
+
+#define EXCEPTION_DE 0
+#define EXCEPTION_BP 3
+#define EXCEPTION_OF 4
+#define EXCEPTION_BR 5
+#define EXCEPTION_UD 6
+#define EXCEPTION_NM 7
+#define EXCEPTION_DF 8
+#define EXCEPTION_GP 13
+#define EXCEPTION_PF 14
+#define EXCEPTION_AC 17
+
+typedef void (*exception_handler_ptr)(struct isr_int_frame* iframe, bool user);
+
+const extern char* exception_strings[];
+
+int  exception_init(void);
+void exception_handle(struct isr_int_frame* iframe);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/gdt.h

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#ifndef _GDT_H
+#define _GDT_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+// Privilege levels
+#define DPL_KERNEL	0
+#define DPL_USER	3
+
+/*
+ * Segment selector explanation (why is kcode 0x08?)
+ *
+ * Each segment selector must be 16 bits. These bits
+ * have the following layout: (example is 0x08)
+ *   0000000000001 0 00 (lsb)
+ *              |  | '- Privilege level
+ *              |  '--- Table indicator
+ *              '------ Index in table
+ *
+ * Bits 0-1 are the privilege level. x86(_64) has four, 
+ * where 00 is the highest and 11 is the lowest. Only
+ * these two are widely used. 00 being kernel space &
+ * 11 being userspace. Bit 3 is the table indicator.
+ * 0 means the GDT and 1 means the LDT. This will most
+ * likely be 0. Bits 4-15 are the index. This is just
+ * which descriptor in the table is used.
+ *
+ * SO, for the kernel code segment:
+ * Privilege is 00 for kernel space, table indicator
+ * s 0 for the GDT and the index is one, because it
+ * is the second entry in our GDT (after null desc.)
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Entries:
+ * 0 Null desc.
+ * 1 Kernel code desc.
+ * 2 Kernel data desc.
+ * 3 User data desc.
+ * 4 User code desc.
+ * 5 Task State Segment
+ */
+#define GDT_ENTRIES	7
+#define GDT_NULL	0x00
+#define GDT_KERNEL_CODE	0x08
+#define GDT_KERNEL_DATA	0x10
+#define GDT_USER_DATA	0x18
+#define GDT_USER_CODE	0x20
+#define GDT_TSS		0x28	
+
+/*
+ * GDT descriptor/entry explanation
+ *
+ * 0-15	 low 16 bits of limit
+ * 15-31 low 16 bits of base
+ * 32-39 mid 8 bits of base
+ * 40-47 access byte
+ * 	40 Accessed
+ * 	41 Read/Write
+ * 	42 Direction/Conforming
+ * 	43 Executable
+ * 	44 Descriptor type
+ * 	45-46 DPL
+ * 	47 Present
+ * 48-51 high 4 bits of limit
+ * 52-55 flags
+ * 	52 Reserved
+ * 	53 Long-mode
+ * 	54 Size (0 - 16-bit, 1 - 32-bit)
+ * 	55 Granularity (0 - limit in bytes, 1 - limit in pages)
+ * 56-63 high 8 bits of base
+ */
+struct gdt_entry {
+	uint16_t limit;
+	uint16_t base_low;
+	uint8_t	 base_mid;
+	uint8_t  access;
+	uint8_t  flags;		// low 4 bits are 4 msbs of limit, high 4 bits are flags
+	uint8_t  base_high;
+} __packed;
+
+struct gdt_pointer {
+	uint16_t limit;
+	uint64_t base;
+} __packed;
+
+struct tss_entry {
+	uint16_t length;
+	uint16_t base_low;
+	uint8_t	 base_mid;
+	uint8_t  access;
+	uint8_t  flags;
+	uint8_t  base_high;
+	uint32_t base_upper32;
+	uint32_t __reserved;
+} __packed;
+
+struct tss_pointer {
+	uint32_t __reserved0;
+	uint64_t rsp0;
+	uint64_t rsp1;
+	uint64_t rsp2;
+	uint64_t __reserved1;
+	uint64_t ist1;
+	uint64_t ist2;
+	uint64_t ist3;
+	uint64_t ist4;
+	uint64_t ist5;
+	uint64_t ist6;
+	uint64_t ist7;
+	uint64_t __reserved2;
+	uint16_t __reserved3;
+	uint16_t iopb;
+} __packed;
+
+struct gdt_entries {
+	// GDT_ENTRIES - 2 to leave space for TSS
+	struct gdt_entry entries[GDT_ENTRIES - 2];
+	struct tss_entry tss;
+} __packed;
+
+int gdt_init(void);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/idt.h

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef _IDT_H
+#define _IDT_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#define IDT_ENTRIES	256
+#define IDT_FLAG_TRAP	0x8F	// P = 1, Priv = 00, S = 0, Type = 1111 (32-bit trap)
+#define IDT_FLAG_INT	0x8E	// P = 1, Priv = 00, S = 0, Type = 1110 (32-bit int)
+#define IDT_FLAG_USER 	0xEE	// P = 1, Priv = 11, S = 0, Type = 1110 (32-bit int)
+
+/*
+ * Attribute field explanation
+ * 0..3	Gate type
+ * 4	Zero (unused)
+ * 5..6	DPL (privilege)
+ * 7	Present
+ */
+
+struct idt_entry {
+	uint16_t offset_low;
+	uint16_t selector;
+	uint8_t  ist;	// Only 3 low bits, rest is reserved
+	uint8_t  attrib;
+	uint16_t offset_mid;
+	uint32_t offset_high;
+	uint32_t __reserved;
+} __packed;
+
+struct idt_pointer {
+	uint16_t size;
+	uint64_t offset;
+} __packed;
+
+int idt_init(void);
+void idt_set_gate(uint8_t i, void* handler, uint8_t flags, uint8_t ist);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/isr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef _ISR_H
+#define _ISR_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#define EXCEPTION_COUNT	32
+#define ISR_COUNT	16
+
+// Interrupt frame (ie. what's on the stack on interrupt)
+struct isr_int_frame {
+	// Pushed by OS
+	uint64_t ds; // + es
+	uint64_t r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
+	uint64_t rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
+	uint64_t interrupt, error;
+
+	// Pushed by CPU
+	uint64_t rip, cs, rflags, user_rsp, user_ss;
+} __packed;
+typedef void (*isr_handler_ptr)(struct isr_int_frame* iframe);
+
+int  isr_init(void);
+void isr_register(uint8_t i, isr_handler_ptr handler);
+void isr_handle_interrupt(size_t rsp);
+
+// Assembly definitions (isr.s)
+extern void  isr_return(void);
+extern void* isr_redirect_table[48]; // ISR Table
+extern void  isr128(void); // int 0x80 - syscall
+extern void  isr255(void); // int 0xFF - 
+
+#endif

kernel/include/kernel.h

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#ifndef _KERNEL_H
+#define _KERNEL_H
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <types.h>
+
+#define __alias(symbol)	__attribute__((alias(#symbol)))
+#define __align(x)	__attribute__((aligned(x)))
+#define __printf(a, b)	__attribute__((format(printf, a, b)))
+#define __scanf(a, b)	__attribute__((format(scanf, a, b)))
+#define __align_largest	__attribute__((aligned))
+#define __depricated	__attribute__((depricated))
+#define __packed	__attribute__((packed))
+#define __noreturn	__attribute__((noreturn))
+#define __const		__attribute__((const))
+#define __pure		__attribute__((pure))
+#define __section(_s)	__attribute__((section(_s)))
+#define __cold		__attribute__((cold))
+#define __hot		__attribute__((hot))
+#define __naked		__attribute__((naked))
+#define __always_inline	__attribute__((always_inline))
+#define noinline	__attribute__((never_inline))
+
+#define ALIGN(_addr, _align)   (((_addr) + (_align) - 1) & ~((_align) - 1))
+#define ALIGN_DOWN(_addr, _align) ((_addr) & ~((_align) - 1))
+#define BIT(_n)                  (1ULL << (_n))
+
+#define swap(_a, _b)	({ typeof(_a) _tmp = (_a); (_a) = (_b); (_b) = (_a); })
+#define min(_x, _y)	({ typeof(_x) __x = (_x); typeof(_y) __y = (_y); __x < __y ? __x : __y; })
+#define max(_x, _y)	({ typeof(_x) __x = (_x); typeof(_y) __y = (_y); __x > __y ? __x : __y; })
+#define ceil(_x, _y)	((((_x) + (_y)) (_y)) * (_y))
+#define floor(_x, _y)	((_x) - ((_x) % (_y)))
+#define dceil(_x, _y)	(((_x) + (_y) - 1) / (_y))
+
+#define fence() __asm__ volatile ("" ::: "memory")
+ 
+#define KERN_SOH	"\001"
+#define KERN_SOH_ASCII	'\001'
+#define KERN_EMERG	KERN_SOH "0"
+#define KERN_ALERT	KERN_SOH "1"
+#define KERN_CRIT	KERN_SOH "2"
+#define KERN_ERROR	KERN_SOH "3"
+#define KERN_WARNING	KERN_SOH "4"
+#define KERN_NOTICE	KERN_SOH "5"
+#define KERN_INFO	KERN_SOH "6"
+#define KERN_DEBUG	KERN_SOH "7"
+#define KERN_DEFAULT	""
+
+#define LOGLEVEL_EMERG	 0
+#define LOGLEVEL_ALERT	 1
+#define LOGLEVEL_CRIT	 2
+#define LOGLEVEL_ERROR	 3
+#define LOGLEVEL_WARNING 4
+#define LOGLEVEL_NOTICE	 5
+#define LOGLEVEL_INFO	 6
+#define LOGLEVEL_DEBUG	 7
+
+#ifndef LOGLEVEL_DEFAULT
+#define LOGLEVEL_DEFAULT LOGLEVEL_ERROR
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL
+#define CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL 4
+#endif
+
+extern uint8_t console_loglevel;
+
+// TODO: Add a ring buffer for the logs
+int printk(const char* fmt, ...) __printf(1, 2);
+int vprintk(const char* fmt, va_list ap);
+
+#define pr_emerg(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_EMERG fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_alert(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_ALERT fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_crit(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_CRIT fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_error(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_ERROR fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_warn(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_WARNING fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_notice(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_NOTICE fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_info(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_INFO fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_debug(fmt, ...)	printk(KERN_DEBUG fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define PANIC_MSG_BUFSZ	1024
+
+struct isr_int_frame;
+void panic(struct isr_int_frame* regs, const char* fmt, ...) __noreturn __cold __printf(2, 3);
+void vpanic(struct isr_int_frame* regs, const char *fmt, va_list ap) __noreturn __cold;
+
+extern uintptr_t __kernel_start, __kernel_text_start, __kernel_rodata_start, __kernel_data_start;
+extern uintptr_t __kernel_end, __kernel_text_end, __kernel_rodata_end, __kernel_data_end;
+
+#endif

kernel/include/limine.h

@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: 0BSD */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 2022-2026 Mintsuki and contributors.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+ * SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef LIMINE_H
+#define LIMINE_H 1
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* Misc */
+
+#ifdef LIMINE_NO_POINTERS
+#  define LIMINE_PTR(TYPE) uint64_t
+#else
+#  define LIMINE_PTR(TYPE) TYPE
+#endif
+
+#define LIMINE_REQUESTS_START_MARKER { 0xf6b8f4b39de7d1ae, 0xfab91a6940fcb9cf, \
+                                       0x785c6ed015d3e316, 0x181e920a7852b9d9 }
+#define LIMINE_REQUESTS_END_MARKER { 0xadc0e0531bb10d03, 0x9572709f31764c62 }
+
+#define LIMINE_BASE_REVISION(N) { 0xf9562b2d5c95a6c8, 0x6a7b384944536bdc, (N) }
+
+#define LIMINE_BASE_REVISION_SUPPORTED(VAR) ((VAR)[2] == 0)
+
+#define LIMINE_LOADED_BASE_REVISION_VALID(VAR) ((VAR)[1] != 0x6a7b384944536bdc)
+#define LIMINE_LOADED_BASE_REVISION(VAR) ((VAR)[1])
+
+#define LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC 0xc7b1dd30df4c8b88, 0x0a82e883a194f07b
+
+struct limine_uuid {
+    uint32_t a;
+    uint16_t b;
+    uint16_t c;
+    uint8_t d[8];
+};
+
+#define LIMINE_MEDIA_TYPE_GENERIC 0
+#define LIMINE_MEDIA_TYPE_OPTICAL 1
+#define LIMINE_MEDIA_TYPE_TFTP 2
+
+struct limine_file {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) address;
+    uint64_t size;
+    LIMINE_PTR(char *) path;
+    LIMINE_PTR(char *) string;
+    uint32_t media_type;
+    uint32_t unused;
+    uint32_t tftp_ip;
+    uint32_t tftp_port;
+    uint32_t partition_index;
+    uint32_t mbr_disk_id;
+    struct limine_uuid gpt_disk_uuid;
+    struct limine_uuid gpt_part_uuid;
+    struct limine_uuid part_uuid;
+};
+
+/* Boot info */
+
+#define LIMINE_BOOTLOADER_INFO_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0xf55038d8e2a1202f, 0x279426fcf5f59740 }
+
+struct limine_bootloader_info_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(char *) name;
+    LIMINE_PTR(char *) version;
+};
+
+struct limine_bootloader_info_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_bootloader_info_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Executable command line */
+
+#define LIMINE_EXECUTABLE_CMDLINE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x4b161536e598651e, 0xb390ad4a2f1f303a }
+
+struct limine_executable_cmdline_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(char *) cmdline;
+};
+
+struct limine_executable_cmdline_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_executable_cmdline_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Firmware type */
+
+#define LIMINE_FIRMWARE_TYPE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x8c2f75d90bef28a8, 0x7045a4688eac00c3 }
+
+#define LIMINE_FIRMWARE_TYPE_X86BIOS 0
+#define LIMINE_FIRMWARE_TYPE_EFI32 1
+#define LIMINE_FIRMWARE_TYPE_EFI64 2
+#define LIMINE_FIRMWARE_TYPE_SBI 3
+
+struct limine_firmware_type_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t firmware_type;
+};
+
+struct limine_firmware_type_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_firmware_type_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Stack size */
+
+#define LIMINE_STACK_SIZE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x224ef0460a8e8926, 0xe1cb0fc25f46ea3d }
+
+struct limine_stack_size_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+};
+
+struct limine_stack_size_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_stack_size_response *) response;
+    uint64_t stack_size;
+};
+
+/* HHDM */
+
+#define LIMINE_HHDM_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x48dcf1cb8ad2b852, 0x63984e959a98244b }
+
+struct limine_hhdm_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t offset;
+};
+
+struct limine_hhdm_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_hhdm_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Framebuffer */
+
+#define LIMINE_FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x9d5827dcd881dd75, 0xa3148604f6fab11b }
+
+#define LIMINE_FRAMEBUFFER_RGB 1
+
+struct limine_video_mode {
+    uint64_t pitch;
+    uint64_t width;
+    uint64_t height;
+    uint16_t bpp;
+    uint8_t memory_model;
+    uint8_t red_mask_size;
+    uint8_t red_mask_shift;
+    uint8_t green_mask_size;
+    uint8_t green_mask_shift;
+    uint8_t blue_mask_size;
+    uint8_t blue_mask_shift;
+};
+
+struct limine_framebuffer {
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) address;
+    uint64_t width;
+    uint64_t height;
+    uint64_t pitch;
+    uint16_t bpp;
+    uint8_t memory_model;
+    uint8_t red_mask_size;
+    uint8_t red_mask_shift;
+    uint8_t green_mask_size;
+    uint8_t green_mask_shift;
+    uint8_t blue_mask_size;
+    uint8_t blue_mask_shift;
+    uint8_t unused[7];
+    uint64_t edid_size;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) edid;
+    /* Response revision 1 */
+    uint64_t mode_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_video_mode **) modes;
+};
+
+struct limine_framebuffer_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t framebuffer_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_framebuffer **) framebuffers;
+};
+
+struct limine_framebuffer_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_framebuffer_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Paging mode */
+
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x95c1a0edab0944cb, 0xa4e5cb3842f7488a }
+
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_4LVL 0
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_5LVL 1
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_MIN LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_4LVL
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_DEFAULT LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_4LVL
+
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_AARCH64_4LVL 0
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_AARCH64_5LVL 1
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_AARCH64_MIN LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_AARCH64_4LVL
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_AARCH64_DEFAULT LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_AARCH64_4LVL
+
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_RISCV_SV39 0
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_RISCV_SV48 1
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_RISCV_SV57 2
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_RISCV_MIN LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_RISCV_SV39
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_RISCV_DEFAULT LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_RISCV_SV48
+
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_LOONGARCH_4LVL 0
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_LOONGARCH_MIN LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_LOONGARCH_4LVL
+#define LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_LOONGARCH_DEFAULT LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_LOONGARCH_4LVL
+
+struct limine_paging_mode_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t mode;
+};
+
+struct limine_paging_mode_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_paging_mode_response *) response;
+    uint64_t mode;
+    uint64_t max_mode;
+    uint64_t min_mode;
+};
+
+/* MP */
+
+#define LIMINE_MP_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x95a67b819a1b857e, 0xa0b61b723b6a73e0 }
+
+struct limine_mp_info;
+
+typedef void (*limine_goto_address)(struct limine_mp_info *);
+
+#if defined (__x86_64__) || defined (__i386__)
+
+#define LIMINE_MP_RESPONSE_X86_64_X2APIC (1 << 0)
+
+struct limine_mp_info {
+    uint32_t processor_id;
+    uint32_t lapic_id;
+    uint64_t reserved;
+    LIMINE_PTR(limine_goto_address) goto_address;
+    uint64_t extra_argument;
+};
+
+struct limine_mp_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint32_t flags;
+    uint32_t bsp_lapic_id;
+    uint64_t cpu_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_mp_info **) cpus;
+};
+
+#elif defined (__aarch64__)
+
+struct limine_mp_info {
+    uint32_t processor_id;
+    uint32_t reserved1;
+    uint64_t mpidr;
+    uint64_t reserved;
+    LIMINE_PTR(limine_goto_address) goto_address;
+    uint64_t extra_argument;
+};
+
+struct limine_mp_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    uint64_t bsp_mpidr;
+    uint64_t cpu_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_mp_info **) cpus;
+};
+
+#elif defined (__riscv) && (__riscv_xlen == 64)
+
+struct limine_mp_info {
+    uint64_t processor_id;
+    uint64_t hartid;
+    uint64_t reserved;
+    LIMINE_PTR(limine_goto_address) goto_address;
+    uint64_t extra_argument;
+};
+
+struct limine_mp_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    uint64_t bsp_hartid;
+    uint64_t cpu_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_mp_info **) cpus;
+};
+
+#elif defined (__loongarch__) && (__loongarch_grlen == 64)
+
+struct limine_mp_info {
+    uint64_t processor_id;
+    uint64_t phys_id;
+    uint64_t reserved;
+    LIMINE_PTR(limine_goto_address) goto_address;
+    uint64_t extra_argument;
+};
+
+struct limine_mp_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    uint64_t bsp_phys_id;
+    uint64_t cpu_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_mp_info **) cpus;
+};
+
+#else
+#error Unknown architecture
+#endif
+
+#define LIMINE_MP_REQUEST_X86_64_X2APIC (1 << 0)
+
+struct limine_mp_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_mp_response *) response;
+    uint64_t flags;
+};
+
+/* Memory map */
+
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x67cf3d9d378a806f, 0xe304acdfc50c3c62 }
+
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_USABLE                 0
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_RESERVED               1
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_ACPI_RECLAIMABLE       2
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_ACPI_NVS               3
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_BAD_MEMORY             4
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_BOOTLOADER_RECLAIMABLE 5
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_EXECUTABLE_AND_MODULES 6
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_FRAMEBUFFER            7
+#define LIMINE_MEMMAP_RESERVED_MAPPED        8
+
+struct limine_memmap_entry {
+    uint64_t base;
+    uint64_t length;
+    uint64_t type;
+};
+
+struct limine_memmap_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t entry_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_memmap_entry **) entries;
+};
+
+struct limine_memmap_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_memmap_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Entry point */
+
+#define LIMINE_ENTRY_POINT_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x13d86c035a1cd3e1, 0x2b0caa89d8f3026a }
+
+typedef void (*limine_entry_point)(void);
+
+struct limine_entry_point_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+};
+
+struct limine_entry_point_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_entry_point_response *) response;
+    LIMINE_PTR(limine_entry_point) entry;
+};
+
+/* Executable File */
+
+#define LIMINE_EXECUTABLE_FILE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0xad97e90e83f1ed67, 0x31eb5d1c5ff23b69 }
+
+struct limine_executable_file_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_file *) executable_file;
+};
+
+struct limine_executable_file_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_executable_file_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Module */
+
+#define LIMINE_MODULE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x3e7e279702be32af, 0xca1c4f3bd1280cee }
+
+#define LIMINE_INTERNAL_MODULE_REQUIRED (1 << 0)
+#define LIMINE_INTERNAL_MODULE_COMPRESSED (1 << 1)
+
+struct limine_internal_module {
+    LIMINE_PTR(const char *) path;
+    LIMINE_PTR(const char *) string;
+    uint64_t flags;
+};
+
+struct limine_module_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t module_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_file **) modules;
+};
+
+struct limine_module_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_module_response *) response;
+
+    /* Request revision 1 */
+    uint64_t internal_module_count;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_internal_module **) internal_modules;
+};
+
+/* RSDP */
+
+#define LIMINE_RSDP_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0xc5e77b6b397e7b43, 0x27637845accdcf3c }
+
+struct limine_rsdp_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) address;
+};
+
+struct limine_rsdp_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_rsdp_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* SMBIOS */
+
+#define LIMINE_SMBIOS_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x9e9046f11e095391, 0xaa4a520fefbde5ee }
+
+struct limine_smbios_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) entry_32;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) entry_64;
+};
+
+struct limine_smbios_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_smbios_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* EFI system table */
+
+#define LIMINE_EFI_SYSTEM_TABLE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x5ceba5163eaaf6d6, 0x0a6981610cf65fcc }
+
+struct limine_efi_system_table_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) address;
+};
+
+struct limine_efi_system_table_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_efi_system_table_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* EFI memory map */
+
+#define LIMINE_EFI_MEMMAP_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x7df62a431d6872d5, 0xa4fcdfb3e57306c8 }
+
+struct limine_efi_memmap_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) memmap;
+    uint64_t memmap_size;
+    uint64_t desc_size;
+    uint64_t desc_version;
+};
+
+struct limine_efi_memmap_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_efi_memmap_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Date at boot */
+
+#define LIMINE_DATE_AT_BOOT_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x502746e184c088aa, 0xfbc5ec83e6327893 }
+
+struct limine_date_at_boot_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    int64_t timestamp;
+};
+
+struct limine_date_at_boot_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_date_at_boot_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Executable address */
+
+#define LIMINE_EXECUTABLE_ADDRESS_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x71ba76863cc55f63, 0xb2644a48c516a487 }
+
+struct limine_executable_address_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t physical_base;
+    uint64_t virtual_base;
+};
+
+struct limine_executable_address_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_executable_address_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Device Tree Blob */
+
+#define LIMINE_DTB_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0xb40ddb48fb54bac7, 0x545081493f81ffb7 }
+
+struct limine_dtb_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(void *) dtb_ptr;
+};
+
+struct limine_dtb_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_dtb_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* RISC-V Boot Hart ID */
+
+#define LIMINE_RISCV_BSP_HARTID_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x1369359f025525f9, 0x2ff2a56178391bb6 }
+
+struct limine_riscv_bsp_hartid_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t bsp_hartid;
+};
+
+struct limine_riscv_bsp_hartid_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_riscv_bsp_hartid_response *) response;
+};
+
+/* Bootloader Performance */
+
+#define LIMINE_BOOTLOADER_PERFORMANCE_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x6b50ad9bf36d13ad, 0xdc4c7e88fc759e17 }
+
+struct limine_bootloader_performance_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+    uint64_t reset_usec;
+    uint64_t init_usec;
+    uint64_t exec_usec;
+};
+
+struct limine_bootloader_performance_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_bootloader_performance_response *) response;
+};
+
+#define LIMINE_KEEP_IOMMU_REQUEST_ID { LIMINE_COMMON_MAGIC, 0x8ebaabe51f490179, 0x2aa86a59ffb4ab0f }
+
+struct limine_keep_iommu_response {
+    uint64_t revision;
+};
+
+struct limine_keep_iommu_request {
+    uint64_t id[4];
+    uint64_t revision;
+    LIMINE_PTR(struct limine_keep_iommu_response *) response;
+};
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif

kernel/include/paging.h

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#ifndef _PAGING_H
+#define _PAGING_H
+
+#include <bootloader.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#define PTE_FLAG_PRESENT	(1UL << 0) // Page is present in the table
+#define PTE_FLAG_WRITE		(1UL << 1) // Read-write
+#define PTE_FLAG_USER		(1UL << 2) // User-mode (DPL3) access allowed
+#define PTE_FLAG_PWT		(1UL << 3) // Page write-thru
+#define PTE_FLAG_NOCACHE	(1UL << 4) // Cache disable
+#define PTE_FLAG_FETCH		(1UL << 4) // Fetch
+#define PTE_FLAG_ACCESSED	(1UL << 5) // Indicates whether page was read/written
+#define PTE_FLAG_DIRTY		(1UL << 6) // Indicates whether page was written to (valid for PT only)
+#define PTE_FLAG_PAT		(1UL << 7) // Page Attribute Table (valid for PT only)
+#define PTE_FLAG_PAGESIZE	(1UL << 7) // Page size (valid for PD and PDPT only)
+#define PTE_FLAG_RSVD		(1UL << 7) // No idea (valid for PML4 and PML5 only)
+#define PTE_FLAG_GLOBAL		(1UL << 8) // Global caching or sum (valid for PT only)
+#define PTE_FLAG_NOEXEC		(1UL << 63) // No execute (the XD bit)
+// Region caching according to the Limine protocol
+#define PTE_FLAG_CACHE		(PTE_FLAG_PWT | PTE_FLAG_PAT)
+
+#define PTE_ADDR_MASK	0x000FFFFFFFFFF000UL
+#define PTE_ADDR(_pte)	((_pte) & PTE_ADDR_MASK)
+
+#define PML4_IDX(_ptr)	(((_ptr) >> 39) & 0x1FFUL)
+#define PDPT_IDX(_ptr)	(((_ptr) >> 30) & 0x1FFUL)
+#define PD_IDX(_ptr)	(((_ptr) >> 21) & 0x1FFUL)
+#define PT_IDX(_ptr)	(((_ptr) >> 12) & 0x1FFUL)
+
+#define TO_VIRT(_ptr) 	((void*)((uintptr_t)(_ptr) + bootloader.hhdm_offset))
+#define TO_PHYS(_ptr) 	((void*)((uintptr_t)(_ptr) - bootloader.hhdm_offset))
+
+#define PAGE_SIZE 4096
+#define PAGE_SIZE_LARGE	0x200000
+#define PAGE_SIZE_HUGE	0x40000000
+
+// WARN: This will only invalidate on one core
+static inline void pag_invalidate(void* vaddr) { __asm__ volatile("invlpg (%0)" :: "r" (vaddr) : "memory"); }
+static inline bool pag_is_user_addr(void* vaddr) { return (uintptr_t)vaddr < 0x0000800000000000UL; }
+
+// NOTE: All uint64_t* are VIRTUAL addresses
+int	  pag_init(void);
+uint64_t* pag_get_pte(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr);
+int	  pag_map(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, void* paddr, uint64_t flags);
+int	  pag_map_region(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, void* paddr, size_t count, uint64_t flags);
+int	  pag_unmap(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr);
+int	  pag_unmap_region(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, size_t count);
+int	  pag_protect(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, uint64_t flags);
+void*	  pag_get_phys(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr);
+void	  pag_set_pml4(uint64_t* pml4);
+uint64_t* pag_get_pml4(void);
+uint64_t* pag_get_next_tab(uint64_t* tab, offset_t index);
+uint64_t* pag_new_next_tab(uint64_t* tab, offset_t index);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/pmm.h

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#ifndef _PMM_H
+#define _PMM_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+extern size_t pmm_total_pages;
+extern size_t pmm_free_pages;
+
+int pmm_init(void);
+void* pmm_alloc(void);
+int pmm_free(void*);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/serial.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef _SERIAL_H
+#define _SERIAL_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#define COM1	0x3f8
+#define COM2	0x2f8
+#define COM3	0x3e8
+#define COM4	0x2e8
+
+// Buffer for (v)debugf()
+#define DF_BUF_LEN	2048
+
+int  serial_init(int dev);
+int  serial_txem(int dev);
+void serial_send(int dev, char data);
+int  serial_rcvd(int dev);
+char serial_recv(int dev);
+void serial_write(int dev, const char* buf, size_t len);
+void serial_puts(int dev, const char* s);
+void serial_cls(int dev);
+
+int debugf(const char* fmt, ...) __printf(1, 2);
+int vdebugf(const char* fmt, va_list args);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/splash.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef _SPLASH_H
+#define _SPLASH_H
+
+/*
+ * This is the most important function in the world.
+ * 
+ * It draws this to the zeroth framebuffer:
+ * #
+ * #
+ * #
+ * #  #  ##  # ##  # ##   
+ * # #  #  # ##  # ##  # 
+ * ##   ###  #     #   # 
+ * # #  #    #     #   # 
+ * #  #  ### #     #   # #
+ */
+void splash(void);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/stdarg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef _STDARG_H
+#define _STDARG_H
+
+typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
+#define va_start(_ap, _last) __builtin_va_start(_ap, _last)
+#define va_end(_ap)         __builtin_va_end(_ap)
+#define va_arg(_ap, _type)   __builtin_va_arg(_ap, _type)
+
+#endif

kernel/include/stdint.h

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _STDINT_H
-#define _STDINT_H
-
-#define NULL ((void*)0)
-
-// Naitive size
-typedef unsigned int size_t;
-typedef signed int ssize_t;
-
-// Signed ints
-typedef signed char int8_t;
-typedef signed short int16_t;
-typedef signed int int32_t;
-typedef signed long long int64_t;
-
-// Unsigned ints
-typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
-typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
-typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
-typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
-
-#endif

kernel/include/string.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef _STRING_H
+#define _STRING_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+// Memory functions
+void*	memchr(const void* ptr, uint8_t val, size_t len);
+int	memcmp(const void* ptr1, const void* ptr2, size_t len);
+void*	memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, size_t len);
+void*	memmov(void* dst, const void* src, size_t len);
+void*	memset(void* dst, uint8_t val, size_t len);
+
+// String functions
+char*	strbrk(char* str, const char* accept);
+char*	strcat(char* dst, const char* src);
+char*	strchr(const char* str, char c);
+int	strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2);
+char*	strcpy(char* dst, const char* src);
+size_t	strlen(const char* str);
+size_t	strspn(const char* str, const char* accept);
+char*	strstr(const char* str1, const char* str2);
+char*	strtok(char* str, const char* delim);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/system.h

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#ifndef _SYSTEM_H
+#define _SYSTEM_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <gdt.h>
+#include <idt.h>
+
+/*
+ * CPUID
+ */
+enum {
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE3         = 1 << 0,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PCLMUL       = 1 << 1,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DTES64       = 1 << 2,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_MONITOR      = 1 << 3,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DS_CPL       = 1 << 4,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_VMX          = 1 << 5,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SMX          = 1 << 6,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_EST          = 1 << 7,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_TM2          = 1 << 8,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSSE3        = 1 << 9,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_CID          = 1 << 10,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SDBG         = 1 << 11,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_FMA          = 1 << 12,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_CX16         = 1 << 13,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_XTPR         = 1 << 14,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PDCM         = 1 << 15,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PCID         = 1 << 17,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DCA          = 1 << 18,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE4_1       = 1 << 19,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE4_2       = 1 << 20,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_X2APIC       = 1 << 21,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_MOVBE        = 1 << 22,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_POPCNT       = 1 << 23,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_TSC          = 1 << 24,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_AES          = 1 << 25,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_XSAVE        = 1 << 26,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_OSXSAVE      = 1 << 27,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_AVX          = 1 << 28,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_F16C         = 1 << 29,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_RDRAND       = 1 << 30,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_HYPERVISOR   = 1 << 31,
+
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_FPU          = 1 << 0,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_VME          = 1 << 1,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_DE           = 1 << 2,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSE          = 1 << 3,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_TSC          = 1 << 4,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MSR          = 1 << 5,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PAE          = 1 << 6,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MCE          = 1 << 7,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CX8          = 1 << 8,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC         = 1 << 9,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SEP          = 1 << 11,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MTRR         = 1 << 12,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PGE          = 1 << 13,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MCA          = 1 << 14,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CMOV         = 1 << 15,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PAT          = 1 << 16,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSE36        = 1 << 17,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSN          = 1 << 18,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CLFLUSH      = 1 << 19,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_DS           = 1 << 21,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_ACPI         = 1 << 22,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MMX          = 1 << 23,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_FXSR         = 1 << 24,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SSE          = 1 << 25,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SSE2         = 1 << 26,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SS           = 1 << 27,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_HTT          = 1 << 28,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_TM           = 1 << 29,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_IA64         = 1 << 30,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PBE          = 1 << 31
+};
+void cpuid(uint32_t* eax, uint32_t* ebx, uint32_t* ecx, uint32_t* edx);
+
+// Ports
+void     iowait(void);
+uint8_t	 inb(uint16_t port);
+void     outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t data);
+uint16_t inw(uint16_t port);
+void     outw(uint16_t port, uint16_t data);
+uint32_t inl(uint16_t port);
+void     outl(uint16_t port, uint32_t data);
+
+// x86
+void cli(void);
+void sti(void);
+
+#endif

kernel/include/types.h

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#ifndef _TYPES_H
+#define _TYPES_H
+
+// NULL pointer
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
+
+/*
+ * Integral types
+ */
+typedef unsigned char	uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned short	uint16_t;
+typedef unsigned int	uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned long	uint64_t;
+typedef signed char	int8_t;
+typedef signed short	int16_t;
+typedef signed int	int32_t;
+typedef signed long	int64_t;
+_Static_assert(sizeof(int8_t)   == 1, "int8_t not 8 bits.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(int16_t)  == 2, "int16_t not 16 bits.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(int32_t)  == 4, "int32_t not 32 bits.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(int64_t)  == 8, "int64_t not 64 bits.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(uint8_t)  == 1, "uint8_t not 8 bits.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(uint16_t) == 2, "uint16_t not 16 bits.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(uint32_t) == 4, "uint32_t not 32 bits.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(uint64_t) == 8, "uint64_t not 64 bits.");
+
+// TODO: Add a static assertion here
+typedef uint64_t	size_t;
+typedef int64_t		ssize_t;
+typedef size_t		offset_t;
+
+typedef uint64_t	uintptr_t;
+typedef int64_t		intptr_t;
+_Static_assert(sizeof(intptr_t)  == sizeof(void*), "intptr_t must match pointer size.");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(uintptr_t) == sizeof(void*), "uintptr_t must match pointer size.");
+
+/*
+ * Boolean
+ */
+#define bool _Bool
+#define true 1
+#define false 0
+
+#endif

kernel/include/vsnprintf.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef _VSNPRINTF_H
+#define _VSNPRINTF_H
+
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+int snprintf(char *buf, size_t n, const char *fmt, ...) __printf(3, 4);
+int vsnprintf(char* buf, size_t n, const char* fmt, va_list ap);
+
+#endif

kernel/linker.ld

@@ -1,52 +1,50 @@
-OUTPUT_FORMAT(binary)
-ENTRY(start)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf64-x86-64)
+OUTPUT_ARCH(i386:x86-64);
+ENTRY(_start)
+
+/* Program headers for MMU permissions */
+PHDRS {
+	text	PT_LOAD	FLAGS((1 << 0) | (1 << 2));	/* xr */
+	rodata	PT_LOAD FLAGS((1 << 2));		/* ro */
+	data	PT_LOAD FLAGS((1 << 1) | (1 << 2));	/* rw */
+}
 
 SECTIONS {
-	. = 0x00100000;
-	kernel_start = .;
+	. = 0xffffffff80000000;
 
-	/* Multiboot Header */
-	.multiboot ALIGN(4K) : {
-		*(.multiboot)
-	}
+	__kernel_start = .;
+	__kernel_text_start = .;
+	.text : {
+		*(.text .text.*)
+	} :text
+	__kernel_text_end = .;
 
-	.boot ALIGN(4K) : {
-		*(.boot)
-	}
+	. = ALIGN(CONSTANT(MAXPAGESIZE));
 
-	. += 0xC000000;
+	__kernel_rodata_start = .;
+	.rodata : {
+		*(.rodata .rodata.*)
+	} :rodata
+	__kernel_rodata_end = .;
 
-	/* Kernel Code */
-	.text ALIGN(4) : AT(ADDR(.text) - 0xC000000) {
-		*(.text)
-		*(.text.*)
-	}
+	. = ALIGN(CONSTANT(MAXPAGESIZE));
 
-	/* Read-Only Data */
-	.rodata ALIGN(4) : AT(ADDR(.rodata) - 0xC000000) {
-		*(.rodata)
-		*(.rodata.*)
-	}
+	__kernel_data_start = .;
+	.data : {
+		*(.data .data.*)
+	} :data
 
-	/* Read/Write Data */
-	.data ALIGN(4) : AT(ADDR(.data) - 0xC000000) {
-		*(.data)
-		*(.data.*)
-	}
-
-	/* BSS Section */
-	.bss ALIGN(4) : AT(ADDR(.bss) - 0xC000000) {
+	/* NOTE: .bss should be the last thing mapped to :data */
+	.bss : {
+		*(.bss .bss.*)
 		*(COMMON)
-		*(.bss)
-		*(.bss.*)
-	}
+	} :data
+	__kernel_data_end = .;
 
-	/* Discarded Sections */
+	/* Discard .note* and .eh_frame* (wtf is an eh_frame??) to prevent issues */
 	/DISCARD/ : {
-		*(.note)
-		*(.note.*)
-		*(.comment)
+		*(.eh_frame)
+		*(.note .note.*)
 	}
-
-	kernel_end = .;
+	__kernel_end = .;
 }

kernel/makefile

@@ -1,31 +1,32 @@
-include ../defaults.mk
+include ../config.mk
 
-INC = ./include
 SRC = ./src
 BIN = ./bin
-
-SRCS_C = $(shell find $(SRC) -name '*.c')
-SRCS_S = $(shell find $(SRC) -name '*.s')
-OBJS = $(patsubst $(SRC)/%.c, $(BIN)/%.o, $(SRCS_C))	\
-       $(patsubst $(SRC)/%.s, $(BIN)/%.s.o, $(SRCS_S))
-
+INC = ./include
+SRCS_C = $(wildcard $(SRC)/*.c)
+SRCS_S = $(wildcard $(SRC)/*.s)
+OBJS_C = $(patsubst $(SRC)/%.c, $(BIN)/%.c.o, $(SRCS_C))
+OBJS_S = $(patsubst $(SRC)/%.s, $(BIN)/%.s.o, $(SRCS_S))
+OUT = $(SYSROOT)/boot/kernel.elf
 LINKER = ./linker.ld
-OUT = ./kern.bin
+SSP = ./.ssp
 
 .PHONY: all clean
-
 all: $(OUT)
-$(OUT): $(OBJS)
+$(OUT): $(OBJS_C) $(OBJS_S)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -T$(LINKER) -o $@ $^
 
-$(BIN)/%.o: $(SRC)/%.c
+$(BIN)/%.c.o: $(SRC)/%.c $(SSP)
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -I$(INC) -c -o $@ $<
+	$(CC) $(CCFLAGS) -DCONSOLE_LOGLEVEL='$(CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL)' -DSTACK_CHK_GUARD="$$(cat $(SSP))" -I$(INC) -c -o $@ $<
 
 $(BIN)/%.s.o: $(SRC)/%.s
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
-	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -felf32 -o $@ $<
+	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<
+
+$(SSP):
+	echo "0x$$(openssl rand -hex 8)UL" > $(SSP)
 
 clean:
-	rm -fr $(BIN) $(OUT)
+	rm -fr $(BIN) $(OUT) $(SSP)
 

kernel/src/bootloader.c

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#include <bootloader.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <limine.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+// This defines our expected Limine version
+static volatile uint64_t lim_base_revision[] = LIMINE_BASE_REVISION(4);
+
+// Limine requests
+static struct limine_paging_mode_request lim_paging_req =
+	{ .id = LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_REQUEST_ID, .revision = 4,
+	  .mode = LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_4LVL, };
+
+static struct limine_executable_address_request lim_kaddr_req =
+	{ .id = LIMINE_EXECUTABLE_ADDRESS_REQUEST_ID, .revision = 4 };
+
+static struct limine_hhdm_request lim_hhdm_req = 
+	{ .id = LIMINE_HHDM_REQUEST_ID, .revision = 4 };
+
+static struct limine_memmap_request lim_memmap_req =
+	{ .id = LIMINE_MEMMAP_REQUEST_ID, .revision = 4 };
+
+static struct limine_framebuffer_request lim_fbuf_req =
+	{ .id = LIMINE_FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST_ID, .revision = 4 };
+
+static struct limine_executable_file_request lim_exe_req =
+	{ .id = LIMINE_EXECUTABLE_FILE_REQUEST_ID, .revision = 4 };
+
+// Bootloader data struct
+struct bootloader bootloader = { 0 };
+
+int boot_init(void) {
+	if (LIMINE_BASE_REVISION_SUPPORTED(lim_base_revision) == false) panic(NULL, "Unsupported Limine base revision.");
+
+	struct limine_paging_mode_response* lim_paging_res = lim_paging_req.response;
+	struct limine_executable_address_response* lim_kaddr_res = lim_kaddr_req.response;
+	struct limine_hhdm_response* lim_hhdm_res = lim_hhdm_req.response;
+	struct limine_memmap_response* lim_memmap_res = lim_memmap_req.response;
+	struct limine_framebuffer_response* lim_fbuf_res = lim_fbuf_req.response;
+	struct limine_executable_file_response* lim_exe_res = lim_exe_req.response;
+
+	if (lim_paging_res->mode != LIMINE_PAGING_MODE_X86_64_4LVL) panic(NULL, "Expected 4 level paging.");
+	bootloader.hhdm_offset = lim_hhdm_res->offset;
+	bootloader.kernel_phys_base = lim_kaddr_res->physical_base;
+	bootloader.kernel_virt_base = lim_kaddr_res->virtual_base;
+	bootloader.mm_entries = lim_memmap_res->entries;
+	bootloader.mm_entry_count = lim_memmap_res->entry_count;
+	bootloader.executable = lim_exe_res->executable_file;
+
+	bootloader.mm_total_memory = 0;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < bootloader.mm_entry_count; i++) {
+		struct limine_memmap_entry* entry = bootloader.mm_entries[i];
+		if (entry->type == LIMINE_MEMMAP_USABLE) bootloader.mm_total_memory += entry->length;
+	}
+
+	bootloader.fb_entries = lim_fbuf_res->framebuffers;
+	bootloader.fb_entry_count = lim_fbuf_res->framebuffer_count;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+

kernel/src/entry.s

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-;
-; Kernel entry point
-;
-
-MBH_MAGIC	equ 0xe85250d6
-MBH_ARCH	equ 0x00000000
-STACK_SIZE	equ 4096
-global VIRT_BASE
-KERN_VIRT_BASE	equ 0xC000000
-KERN_PAGE_NUM	equ (KERN_VIRT_BASE >> 22)
-
-bits 32
-
-; Multiboot2 Header
-section .multiboot
-align 64
-mbh:
-; Magic fields
-.magic: 	dd MBH_MAGIC
-.arch:		dd MBH_ARCH
-.size:		dd (mbh.end - mbh)
-.checksum:	dd 0x10000000 - (MBH_MAGIC + MBH_ARCH + (mbh.end - mbh))
-
-; Framebuffer Tag
-align 8
-dw 5	; Type - Framebuffer
-dw 1	; Flags	- Optional
-dd 20	; Size
-dd 1920	; Width
-dd 1080	; Height
-dd 32	; Depth
-
-; Zero Tag
-align 8
-dw 0	; Type - Zero
-dw 0	; Flags
-dd 8	; Size	
-
-.end:
-
-; Stack
-section .bss
-align 16
-stack_bottom:
-	resb 16384*8
-stack_top:
-
-; Entry section
-section .boot
-global start
-
-extern kmain
-start:
-	; Init temporary paging
-	mov eax, (initpd - 0xC0000000)
-	mov cr3, eax
-
-	mov ecx, cr4
-	or ecx, 0x10	; Paging enable bit
-	mov cr4, ecx
-
-	mov ecx, cr0
-	or ecx, 0x8000000
-	mov cr0, ecx
-
-	jmp higher_half
-
-Shutdown:
-	mov ax, 0x1000
-	mov ss, ax
-	mov sp, 0xf000
-	mov ax, 0x5307
-	mov bx, 0x0001
-	mov cx, 0x0003
-	int 0x15
-
-section .text
-higher_half:
-	mov esp, stack_top	; Stack Pointer
-
-	add ebx, KERN_VIRT_BASE ; Make address in EBX virtual
-	push ebx		; Push multiboot mem info pointer
-
-	call kmain
-
-; Halt on return
-cli
-h: 	hlt
-	jmp h
-
-section .data
-
-; Inital Page Directory
-align 4096
-global initpd
-initpd:
-	dd 0b10000011		; Initial 4MB identity map
-
-	times 768-1 dd 0	; Padding
-
-	; Higher half kernel start, map 16MB
-	dd (0 << 22) | 0b10000011
-	dd (1 << 22) | 0b10000011
-	dd (2 << 22) | 0b10000011
-	dd (3 << 22) | 0b10000011
-
-	times 256-4 dd 0	; More padding
-

kernel/src/exceptions.c

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+#include "paging.h"
+#include <exceptions.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <isr.h>
+
+exception_handler_ptr exception_handlers[EXCEPTION_COUNT];
+
+const char* exception_strings[] = {
+	"Division Error",
+	"Debug",
+	"Non-maskable Interrupt",
+	"Breakpoint",
+	"Overflow",
+	"Bound Range Exceeded",
+	"Invalid Opcode",
+	"Device Not Available",
+	"Double Fault",
+	"Coprocessor Segment Overrun",
+	"Invalid TSS",
+	"Segment Not Present",
+	"Stack-Segment Fault",
+	"General Protection Fault",
+	"Page Fault",
+	"Reserved",
+	"x87 Floating-Point Exception",
+	"Alignment Check",
+	"Machine Check",
+	"SIMD Floating-Point Exception",
+	"Virtualization Exception",
+	"Control Protection Exception",
+	"Reserved",
+	"Reserved",
+	"Reserved",
+	"Reserved",
+	"Reserved",
+	"Reserved",
+	"Hypervisor Injection Exception",
+	"VMM Communication Exception",
+	"Security Exception",
+	"Reserved",
+};
+
+void exception_handle(struct isr_int_frame* iframe) {
+	bool user = (iframe->cs & 3) == 3;
+
+	if (exception_handlers[iframe->interrupt]) {
+		exception_handlers[iframe->interrupt](iframe, user);
+	} else {
+		panic(iframe, "Unhandled %s exception, err 0x%lx", exception_strings[iframe->interrupt], iframe->error);
+	}
+}
+
+void handle_division_error(struct isr_int_frame* iframe, bool user) {
+	if (user) {
+		// TODO: Kill process
+	} else panic(iframe, "Division by 0 @ %p", (void*)iframe->rip);
+
+	
+}
+
+void handle_invalid_opcode(struct isr_int_frame* iframe, bool user) {
+	if (user) {
+		pr_error("Userspace #UD @ %p\n", (void*)iframe->rip);
+		// TODO: Kill process
+	} else {
+		panic(iframe, "Kernel #UD");
+	}
+}
+
+void handle_device_not_available(struct isr_int_frame* iframe, bool user) {
+	(void)iframe;
+	(void)user;
+
+	__asm__ volatile("clts");
+
+	// TODO:
+	// if (last_fpu_user != current) {
+	// 	if (last_fpu_user) {
+	// 	__asm__ volatile("fxsaveq %0" : "=m"(last_fpu_user->fpu_state));
+	// 	}
+	// 	__asm__ volatile("fxrstorq %0" : : "m"(current->fpu_state));
+	// 	set_last_fpu_owner(current);
+	// }
+
+	pr_notice("FPU/SSE initialized lazily for current thread.\n");
+}
+
+// Do not attempt to log gracefully using complex structures or locks
+// The kernel stack might be completely shredded
+void handle_double_fault(struct isr_int_frame* iframe, bool user) {
+	(void)user;
+
+	pr_emerg(
+		"Beware human. This thing is beyond comprehension. Beyond this corporeal realm.\n"
+		"Oh may the those unlucky enough to encouter it be spared of their pain.\n"
+		"Through it you pass into the city of woe.\n"
+		"Through it you pass into eternal pain.\n"
+		"To rear it was the task of power divine.\n"
+		"Supremes wisdom, and primeval love.\n"
+		"Before it things create were none, save things.\n"
+		"Eternal, and eternal It endures.\n"
+		"Abandon all hope, all ye who enter here.\n\n"
+		);
+	panic(iframe, "[   D O U B L E   F A U L T   ]");
+}
+
+void handle_general_protection_fault(struct isr_int_frame* iframe, bool user) {
+	if (user) {
+		pr_error("Userspace #GP @ %p (err: 0x%lx)\n", (void*)iframe->rip, iframe->error);
+		// TODO: Kill process
+	}
+}
+
+void handle_page_fault(struct isr_int_frame* iframe, bool user) {
+	uint64_t fault_addr;
+	__asm__ volatile("mov %%cr2, %0" : "=r"(fault_addr));
+
+	uint64_t err = iframe->error;
+	bool present = err & 0x1;
+	bool write   = err & 0x2;
+	bool usersp  = err & 0x4;
+	bool fetch   = err & 0xA;
+
+	if (user) {
+		pr_error("Userspace #PF: Segfault @ %p, tried to access %p\n", (void*)iframe->rip, (void*)fault_addr);
+		pr_error("\x1b[9m  Reason: Retard\x1b[m\n"); // reference
+		pr_error("  Reason: %s %s in %s mode %s\n",
+			present ? "Protection violation" : "Non-present page",
+			write   ? "during WRITE" : "during READ",
+			usersp  ? "user" : "supervisor",
+			fetch   ? "during instruction fetch" : ""
+			);
+		// TODO: Kill process
+	} else {
+		panic(iframe, "Kernel: Segmentation fault @ %p, tried to access %p (err: 0x%lx)", (void*)iframe->rip, (void*)fault_addr, err);
+	}
+}
+
+int exception_init(void) {
+	memset(exception_handlers, 0, sizeof(exception_handlers));
+
+	exception_handlers[EXCEPTION_DE] = handle_division_error;
+	exception_handlers[EXCEPTION_UD] = handle_invalid_opcode;
+	exception_handlers[EXCEPTION_NM] = handle_device_not_available;
+	exception_handlers[EXCEPTION_DF] = handle_double_fault;
+	exception_handlers[EXCEPTION_PF] = handle_page_fault;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+

kernel/src/gdt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <gdt.h>
+
+static struct gdt_entries gdt;
+static struct gdt_pointer gdtp;
+static struct tss_pointer tss;
+
+void gdt_reload(void) {
+	__asm__ volatile (
+		"lgdt %0\n"
+		"pushq %[kcs]\n"
+		"lea 1f(%%rip), %%rax\n"
+		"pushq %%rax\n"
+		"lretq\n"
+		"1:\n"
+		"mov %[kds], %%ax\n"
+		"mov %%ax, %%ds\n"
+		"mov %%ax, %%es\n"
+		"mov %%ax, %%fs\n"
+		"mov %%ax, %%gs\n"
+		"mov %%ax, %%ss\n"
+		:
+		: "m"(gdtp),
+		  [kcs] "i"(GDT_KERNEL_CODE),
+		  [kds] "i"(GDT_KERNEL_DATA)
+		: "rax", "memory"
+	);
+}
+
+void tss_load(struct tss_pointer* tss) {
+	size_t addr = (size_t)tss;
+
+	gdt.tss.length = 104;
+	gdt.tss.base_low = (uint16_t)addr;
+	gdt.tss.base_mid = (uint8_t)(addr >> 16);
+	gdt.tss.access = 0x89;
+	gdt.tss.flags = 0;
+	gdt.tss.base_high = (uint8_t)(addr >> 24);
+	gdt.tss.base_upper32 = (uint32_t)(addr >> 32);
+	gdt.tss.__reserved = 0;
+
+	__asm__ volatile ("ltr %0" : : "rm"(GDT_TSS) : "memory");
+}
+
+int gdt_init(void) {
+	// Null descriptor
+	gdt.entries[0].limit = 0;
+	gdt.entries[0].base_low = 0;
+	gdt.entries[0].base_mid = 0;
+	gdt.entries[0].access = 0;
+	gdt.entries[0].flags = 0;
+	gdt.entries[0].base_high = 0;
+
+	// Kernel code
+	gdt.entries[1].limit = 0xFFFF;
+	gdt.entries[1].base_low = 0;
+	gdt.entries[1].base_mid = 0;
+	gdt.entries[1].access = 0x9A;
+	gdt.entries[1].flags = 0xAF;
+	gdt.entries[1].base_high = 0;
+
+	// Kernel data
+	gdt.entries[2].limit = 0xFFFF;
+	gdt.entries[2].base_low = 0;
+	gdt.entries[2].base_mid = 0;
+	gdt.entries[2].access = 0x92;
+	gdt.entries[2].flags = 0xCF;
+	gdt.entries[2].base_high = 0;
+
+	// User data
+	gdt.entries[3].limit = 0xFFFF;
+	gdt.entries[3].base_low = 0;
+	gdt.entries[3].base_mid = 0;
+	gdt.entries[3].access = 0xF2;
+	gdt.entries[3].flags = 0xCF;
+	gdt.entries[3].base_high = 0;
+
+	// User code
+	gdt.entries[4].limit = 0xFFFF;
+	gdt.entries[4].base_low = 0;
+	gdt.entries[4].base_mid = 0;
+	gdt.entries[4].access = 0xFA;
+	gdt.entries[4].flags = 0xAF;
+	gdt.entries[4].base_high = 0;
+
+	// Task State Segment (TSS)
+	gdt.tss.length = 104;
+	gdt.tss.base_low = 0;
+	gdt.tss.base_mid = 0;
+	gdt.tss.access = 0x89; //0b10001001;
+	gdt.tss.flags = 0;
+	gdt.tss.base_high = 0;
+	gdt.tss.base_upper32 = 0;
+	gdt.tss.__reserved = 0;
+
+	// GDT Pointer
+	gdtp.limit = sizeof(gdt) - 1;
+	gdtp.base = (uint64_t)&gdt;
+
+	gdt_reload();
+
+	memset(&tss, 0, sizeof(tss));
+	tss_load(&tss);
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+

kernel/src/idt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <system.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <gdt.h>
+#include <idt.h>
+
+__align(16) // performace 
+static struct idt_entry idt[IDT_ENTRIES];
+static struct idt_pointer idtp;
+
+void idt_set_gate(uint8_t i, void* handler, uint8_t attrib, uint8_t ist) {
+	size_t addr = (size_t)handler;
+	idt[i].offset_low = (uint16_t)addr;
+	idt[i].selector = GDT_KERNEL_CODE;
+	idt[i].ist = ist & 7;
+	idt[i].attrib = attrib;
+	idt[i].offset_mid = (uint16_t)(addr >> 16);
+	idt[i].offset_high = (uint32_t)(addr >> 32);
+	idt[i].__reserved = 0;
+}
+
+int idt_init(void) {
+	memset(idt, 0, sizeof(idt));
+
+	idtp.size = sizeof(idt) - 1;
+	idtp.offset = (uintptr_t)&idt;
+
+	// Load IDT instruction
+	cli();
+	__asm__ volatile ("lidt %0" : : "m"(idtp));
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+

kernel/src/isr.c

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#include <exceptions.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <system.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <idt.h>
+#include <isr.h>
+
+isr_handler_ptr irq_handlers[ISR_COUNT];
+
+void pic_disable(void) {
+	outb(0x21, 0xFF); iowait();
+	outb(0xA1, 0xFF); iowait();
+}
+
+void pic_remap(void) {
+	outb(0x20, 0x11); iowait();
+	outb(0xA0, 0x11); iowait();
+	outb(0x21, 0x20); iowait();
+	outb(0xA1, 0x28); iowait();
+	outb(0x21, 0x04); iowait();
+	outb(0xA1, 0x02); iowait();
+	outb(0x21, 0x01); iowait();
+	outb(0xA1, 0x01); iowait();
+	outb(0x21, 0x00); iowait();
+	outb(0xA1, 0x00); iowait();
+	// pic_disable(); For APIC
+}
+
+int isr_init(void) {
+	exception_init();
+	memset(irq_handlers, 0, sizeof(irq_handlers));
+
+	idt_init();
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 48; i++) {
+		// First 32 IRSs are exceptions (traps) and the next 16 are hardware interrupts
+		idt_set_gate(i, isr_redirect_table[i], i < 32 ? IDT_FLAG_TRAP : IDT_FLAG_INT, 0);
+	}
+
+	idt_set_gate(0x02, isr_redirect_table[2], IDT_FLAG_TRAP, 2); // Use IST2 for NMIs
+	idt_set_gate(0x03, isr_redirect_table[3], IDT_FLAG_USER, 0); // Allow breakpoints
+	idt_set_gate(0x08, isr_redirect_table[8], IDT_FLAG_TRAP, 1); // Use IST1 for Double Faults
+	idt_set_gate(0x80, isr128, IDT_FLAG_USER, 0); // Syscall
+	
+	pic_remap();
+	// TODO: apic_init();
+
+	sti();
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void isr_register(uint8_t i, isr_handler_ptr handler) {
+	if (i >= ISR_COUNT) return; // secutiry B)
+	irq_handlers[i] = handler;
+}
+
+void isr_send_eoi(uint8_t irq) {
+	if (irq >= 8) outb(0xA0, 0x20);
+	outb(0x20, 0x20);
+}
+
+// TODO: Write fault handlers and make this more robust 
+void isr_handle_interrupt(size_t rsp) {
+	struct isr_int_frame* iframe = (void*)rsp;
+
+	if (iframe->interrupt < 32) exception_handle(iframe);
+	else if (iframe->interrupt >= 32 && iframe->interrupt < 48) {
+		uint8_t irq = iframe->interrupt - 32;
+
+		if (irq_handlers[irq]) irq_handlers[irq](iframe);
+		// else pr_debug("Unhandled IRQ #%d\n", irq);
+
+		isr_send_eoi(irq);
+	} else if (iframe->interrupt == 0x80) { 
+		// ISR 128 - System call
+		pr_notice("SYSCALL!\n");
+	} else {
+		pr_warn("Unknown interrupt vector: %lu", iframe->interrupt);
+	}
+}
+

kernel/src/isr.s

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+[bits 64]
+
+[section .text]
+isr_common:
+	push rax
+	push rbx
+	push rcx
+	push rdx
+	push rsi
+	push rdi
+	push rbp
+	push r8
+	push r9
+	push r10
+	push r11
+	push r12
+	push r13
+	push r14
+	push r15
+	mov rbp, ds
+	push rbp
+
+	mov rdi, rsp
+
+	[extern isr_handle_interrupt]
+	call isr_handle_interrupt
+
+[global isr_return]
+isr_return:
+	pop rbp
+	pop r15
+	pop r14
+	pop r13
+	pop r12
+	pop r11
+	pop r10
+	pop r9
+	pop r8
+	pop rbp
+	pop rdi
+	pop rsi
+	pop rdx
+	pop rcx
+	pop rbx
+	pop rax
+
+	add rsp, 16	; Pop errno and int number
+	iretq
+
+%macro ISR_WITH_ERRNO 1
+[global isr%1]
+isr%1:
+	push %1
+	jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
+%macro ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 1
+[global isr%1]
+isr%1:
+	push 0
+	push %1
+	jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
+;; Exceptions
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 0
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 1
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 2
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 3
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 4
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 5
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 6
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 7
+ISR_WITH_ERRNO    8
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 9
+ISR_WITH_ERRNO    10
+ISR_WITH_ERRNO    11
+ISR_WITH_ERRNO    12
+ISR_WITH_ERRNO    13
+ISR_WITH_ERRNO    14
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 15
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 16
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 17
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 18
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 19
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 20
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 21
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 22
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 23
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 24
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 25
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 26
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 27
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 28
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 29
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 30
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 31
+
+;; IRQs
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 32
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 33
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 34
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 35
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 36
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 37
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 38
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 39
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 40
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 41
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 42
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 43
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 44
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 45
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 46
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 47
+
+; Syscall
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 128
+ISR_WITHOUT_ERRNO 255
+
+[section .data]
+[global isr_redirect_table]
+isr_redirect_table:
+%assign i 0
+%rep 48
+	dq isr%+i
+%assign i i+1
+%endrep
+

kernel/src/kernel.c

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-void kmain(uint32_t addr) {}
-

kernel/src/kmain.c

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#include <bootloader.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <paging.h>
+#include <serial.h>
+#include <splash.h>
+#include <system.h>
+#include <gdt.h>
+#include <isr.h>
+#include <pmm.h>
+
+__noreturn
+void _start(void) {
+	int err = 0;
+
+	// Serial console for debugging
+	if ((err = serial_init(COM1)) < 0) panic(NULL, "Failed to initialize Serial driver. (%d)", err);
+
+	// Load structures from bootloader
+	if ((err = boot_init()) < 0) panic(NULL, "Failed to parse bootloader structures. (%d)", err);
+
+	// CPUID thingy :p
+	uint32_t eax = 0;
+	char s[12];
+	cpuid(&eax, (void*)&s[0], (void*)&s[8], (void*)&s[4]);
+	pr_info("[kernel] CPUID_GETVENDORID: %s\n", s);
+
+	// System init
+	if ((err = gdt_init()) < 0) panic(NULL, "Failed to initalize GDT. (%d)", err);
+	if ((err = isr_init()) < 0) panic(NULL, "Failed to initalize ISRs. (%d)", err);
+
+	// Memory management
+	if ((err = pmm_init()) < 0) panic(NULL, "Failed to initalize Physical Memory Manager. (%d)", err);
+	if ((err = pag_init()) < 0) panic(NULL, "Failed to initalize Paging. (%d)", err);
+
+	// The most important function in the world.
+	splash();
+
+	// Patiently wait for things to do :)
+	while (1);
+};
+

kernel/src/paging.c

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#include <bootloader.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <limine.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <serial.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <pmm.h>
+
+#include <paging.h>
+
+// VIRTUAL address of the kernels PML4
+uint64_t* pag_kernel_pml4 = NULL;
+
+int pag_init(void) {
+	pag_kernel_pml4 = TO_VIRT(pmm_alloc());
+	if (IS_ERR(pag_kernel_pml4)) return PTR_ERR(pag_kernel_pml4);
+	memset(pag_kernel_pml4, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
+
+	int ret = pag_map_region(
+		pag_kernel_pml4, 
+		(void*)bootloader.kernel_virt_base, 
+		(void*)bootloader.kernel_phys_base, 
+		dceil(bootloader.executable->size, PAGE_SIZE), 
+		PTE_FLAG_WRITE | PTE_FLAG_PRESENT
+	);
+	if (ret != SUCCESS) return ret;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < bootloader.mm_entry_count; i++) {
+		struct limine_memmap_entry* entry = bootloader.mm_entries[i];
+
+		uint64_t flags = 0;
+		switch (entry->type) {
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_USABLE: flags = PTE_FLAG_WRITE; break;
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_RESERVED: continue;
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_ACPI_RECLAIMABLE: flags = PTE_FLAG_WRITE; break;   
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_ACPI_NVS: break;
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_BAD_MEMORY: continue;
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_BOOTLOADER_RECLAIMABLE: flags = PTE_FLAG_WRITE; break;
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_EXECUTABLE_AND_MODULES: flags = PTE_FLAG_WRITE; break;
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_FRAMEBUFFER: flags = PTE_FLAG_WRITE | PTE_FLAG_PWT; break;
+		case LIMINE_MEMMAP_RESERVED_MAPPED: flags = 0; break;
+		default: 
+			pr_warn(
+				"[pag] %p - %p: Unknown memmap type %lu. Will remain unmapped.\n",
+				(void*)entry->base, (void*)entry->base + entry->length, entry->type
+			      );
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		ret = pag_map_region(
+			pag_kernel_pml4,
+			(void*)(entry->base + bootloader.hhdm_offset), (void*)entry->base,
+			dceil(entry->length, PAGE_SIZE),
+			flags | PTE_FLAG_PRESENT
+		);
+		if (ret != SUCCESS) return ret;
+	}
+
+	pag_set_pml4(pag_kernel_pml4);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+uint64_t* pag_get_pte(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr) {
+	uintptr_t v = (uintptr_t)vaddr;
+	if (v % PAGE_SIZE != 0) return ERR_PTR(-EALIGN);
+
+	uint64_t* pdpt = pag_get_next_tab(pml4,	PML4_IDX(v));
+	if (IS_ERR(pdpt)) return pdpt;
+
+	uint64_t* pd = pag_get_next_tab(pdpt, PDPT_IDX(v));
+	if (IS_ERR(pd)) return pd;
+
+	uint64_t* pt = pag_get_next_tab(pd, PD_IDX(v));
+	if (IS_ERR(pt)) return pt;
+
+	return &pt[PT_IDX(v)];
+}
+
+uint64_t* pag_new_pte(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr) {
+	uintptr_t v = (uintptr_t)vaddr;
+	if (v % PAGE_SIZE != 0) return ERR_PTR(-EALIGN);
+
+	uint64_t* pdpt = pag_new_next_tab(pml4,	PML4_IDX(v));
+	if (IS_ERR(pdpt)) return pdpt;
+
+	uint64_t* pd = pag_new_next_tab(pdpt, PDPT_IDX(v));
+	if (IS_ERR(pd)) return pd;
+
+	uint64_t* pt = pag_new_next_tab(pd, PD_IDX(v));
+	if (IS_ERR(pt)) return pt;
+
+	return &pt[PT_IDX(v)];
+}
+
+int pag_map(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, void* paddr, uint64_t flags) {
+	uintptr_t p = (uintptr_t)paddr;
+	if (p % PAGE_SIZE != 0) return -EALIGN;
+
+	uint64_t* pte = pag_new_pte(pml4, vaddr);
+	if (IS_ERR(pte)) return PTR_ERR(pte);
+
+	*pte = PTE_ADDR(p) | flags | PTE_FLAG_PRESENT;
+	pag_invalidate(vaddr);
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int pag_map_region(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, void* paddr, size_t count, uint64_t flags) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+		int ret = pag_map(pml4, vaddr + i * PAGE_SIZE, paddr + i * PAGE_SIZE, flags);
+		if (ret != SUCCESS) return ret;
+	}
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// TODO: This is a pmm memory leak. If all pages in a PT are unmapped, remove
+// that PT from it's PD. This applies to PDs & PDPTs too.
+int pag_unmap(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr) {
+	uint64_t* pte = pag_get_pte(pml4, vaddr);
+	if (IS_ERR(pte)) return PTR_ERR(pte);
+
+	*pte = 0;
+	pag_invalidate(vaddr);
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int pag_unmap_region(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, size_t count) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+		int ret = pag_unmap(pml4, vaddr + i * PAGE_SIZE);
+		if (ret != SUCCESS) return ret;
+	}
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int pag_protect(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr, uint64_t flags) {
+	uint64_t* pte = pag_get_pte(pml4, vaddr);
+	if (IS_ERR(pte)) return PTR_ERR(pte);
+
+	*pte = PTE_ADDR(*pte) | flags | PTE_FLAG_PRESENT;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void* pag_get_phys(uint64_t* pml4, void* vaddr) {
+	uint64_t* pte = pag_get_pte(pml4, vaddr);
+	if (IS_ERR(pte)) return pte;
+
+	return (void*)PTE_ADDR(*pte);
+}
+
+void pag_set_pml4(uint64_t* pml4) {
+	__asm__ volatile("mov %0, %%cr3" :: "r" (TO_PHYS(pml4)) : "memory");
+}
+
+uint64_t* pag_get_pml4(void) {
+	uint64_t* pml4;
+	__asm__ volatile("movq %%cr3, %0" : "=r"(pml4) :: "memory");
+	return TO_VIRT(pml4);
+}
+
+uint64_t* pag_get_next_tab(uint64_t* tab, offset_t index) {
+	if (tab == NULL || IS_ERR(tab)) return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);
+	if (index >= 512) return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+
+	if (tab[index] & PTE_FLAG_PRESENT) return TO_VIRT(PTE_ADDR(tab[index]));
+	else return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+}
+
+uint64_t* pag_new_next_tab(uint64_t* tab, offset_t index) {
+	uint64_t* vaddr = pag_get_next_tab(tab, index);
+	if (!IS_ERR(vaddr)) return vaddr;
+	if (PTR_ERR(vaddr) != -ENOENT) return vaddr;
+
+	void* paddr = pmm_alloc();
+	if (IS_ERR(paddr)) return paddr;
+
+	vaddr = TO_VIRT(paddr);
+	memset(vaddr, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
+
+	tab[index] = (uintptr_t)paddr | PTE_FLAG_PRESENT | PTE_FLAG_WRITE | PTE_FLAG_USER;
+	return vaddr;
+}
+

kernel/src/panic.c

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#include <vsnprintf.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <system.h>
+#include <isr.h>
+#include <pmm.h>
+
+static int crashing = 0;
+
+void panic_regs_dump(struct isr_int_frame* regs) {
+	if (regs == NULL) return;
+
+	pr_emerg("Register Dump:\n");
+	pr_emerg("\tRAX: %016lx RBX: %016lx RCX: %016lx\n", regs->rax, regs->rbx, regs->rcx);
+	pr_emerg("\tRDX: %016lx RSI: %016lx RDI: %016lx\n", regs->rdx, regs->rsi, regs->rdi);
+	pr_emerg("\tR08: %016lx R09: %016lx R10: %016lx\n", regs->r8, regs->r9, regs->r10);
+	pr_emerg("\tR11: %016lx R12: %016lx R13: %016lx\n", regs->r11, regs->r12, regs->r13);
+	pr_emerg("\tR14: %016lx R15: %016lx DS/ES: %016lx\n", regs->r14, regs->r15, regs->ds);
+	pr_emerg("\tRBP: %016lx RSP: %016lx SS: %016lx\n", regs->rbp, regs->user_rsp, regs->user_ss);
+	pr_emerg("\tRIP: %016lx RFLAGS: %016lx CS: %016lx\n", regs->rip, regs->rflags, regs->cs);
+	pr_emerg("\n");
+}
+
+void panic_call_trace(void) {
+	uintptr_t* rbp;
+	__asm__ volatile ("movq %%rbp, %0" : "=r"(rbp));
+
+	pr_emerg("Call trace:\n");
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < 16 && (uintptr_t)rbp > 0x1000; i++) {
+		uintptr_t retaddr = rbp[1];
+		offset_t offset = 0;
+
+		// TODO: Parse ELF and print function names
+		char* fname = "???";
+
+		pr_emerg("  [<%p>] %s+0x%lx\n", (void*)retaddr, fname, offset);
+
+		rbp = (uintptr_t*)*rbp;
+	}
+	pr_emerg("\n");
+}
+
+void panic(struct isr_int_frame* regs, const char *fmt, ...) {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	vpanic(regs, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+void vpanic(struct isr_int_frame* regs, const char *fmt, va_list ap) {
+	static char buf[PANIC_MSG_BUFSZ];
+	size_t len;
+
+	cli();
+
+	if (crashing) { for (;;) __asm__ volatile ("hlt"); }
+	crashing = true;
+
+	len = vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
+	if (len && buf[len - 1] == '\n') buf[len - 1] = '\0';
+
+	pr_emerg("--- [ Kernel panic: %s ] ---\n\n", buf);	
+	pr_emerg("%lu / %lu pages free.\n\n", pmm_free_pages, pmm_total_pages);
+	panic_regs_dump(regs);
+	panic_call_trace();
+	pr_emerg("--- [ End kernel panic: %s ] ---\n", buf);
+
+	// We can add some kind of LED blink or smth later :)
+	for (;;) __asm__ volatile ("hlt");
+}
+

kernel/src/pmm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#include <bootloader.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <limine.h>
+#include <paging.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <pmm.h>
+
+uint64_t* pmm_head = NULL;
+size_t pmm_total_pages = 0;
+size_t pmm_free_pages = 0;
+
+int pmm_init(void) {
+	pr_info("[pmm] Physical memory map:\n"); // We're gonna use the loop to also print the memmap
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < bootloader.mm_entry_count; i++) {
+		struct limine_memmap_entry* entry = bootloader.mm_entries[i];
+		
+		pr_info(
+			"\t%p - %p (%lu bytes), type %lu\n",
+			(void*)entry->base, (void*)entry->base + entry->length, entry->length, entry->type
+		);
+
+		if (entry->type != LIMINE_MEMMAP_USABLE) continue;
+
+		// Limine spec says that it'll be aligned, but just as a sanity check
+		if (entry->base % PAGE_SIZE != 0) {
+			size_t diff = PAGE_SIZE - (entry->base % PAGE_SIZE);
+			pr_info("\t Not 4 kiB aligned, shifting %p -> %p (%lu bytes).\n", (void*)entry->base, (void*)entry->base + diff, diff);
+			entry->base += diff;
+			entry->length -= diff;
+		}
+
+		for (offset_t offset = 0; offset < entry->length; offset += PAGE_SIZE) {
+			uint64_t* addr = TO_VIRT(entry->base) + offset;
+			*addr = (uint64_t)pmm_head;
+			pmm_head = addr;
+			pmm_total_pages++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	pr_info("[pmm] %lu free pages.\n", pmm_total_pages);
+	if (pmm_total_pages == 0) return -ENOMEM;
+	pmm_free_pages = pmm_total_pages;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void* pmm_alloc() {
+	if (pmm_head == NULL) return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+
+	uint64_t* addr = pmm_head;
+	if ((uintptr_t)addr % PAGE_SIZE != 0) panic(NULL, "pmm_head corrupted.");
+	pmm_head = (uint64_t*)(*addr);
+	pmm_free_pages--;
+
+	return TO_PHYS(addr);
+}
+
+int pmm_free(void* page) {
+	if (page == NULL || IS_ERR(page)) return -EFAULT;
+	if ((uintptr_t)page % PAGE_SIZE != 0) return -EALIGN;
+
+	uint64_t* addr = TO_VIRT(page);
+	*addr = (uint64_t)pmm_head;
+	pmm_head = addr;
+	pmm_free_pages++;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+

kernel/src/printk.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <serial.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+uint8_t console_loglevel = CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL;
+
+int printk(const char *fmt, ...) {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	int ret = vprintk(fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int vprintk(const char* fmt, va_list ap) {
+	int loglevel = LOGLEVEL_DEFAULT;
+	if (*fmt == KERN_SOH_ASCII) {
+		fmt++;
+		if (isdigit(*fmt)) loglevel = *fmt++ - '0';
+	}
+
+	if (loglevel > console_loglevel) return 0;
+
+	// Loglevel colors
+	switch (loglevel) {
+	case LOGLEVEL_EMERG:   debugf("\x1b[1;31m"); break; // bold red
+	case LOGLEVEL_ALERT:   debugf("\x1b[1;31m"); break; // bold red
+	case LOGLEVEL_CRIT:    debugf("\x1b[31m");   break; // red
+	case LOGLEVEL_ERROR:   debugf("\x1b[31m");   break; // red
+	case LOGLEVEL_WARNING: debugf("\x1b[33m");   break; // yellow
+	case LOGLEVEL_NOTICE:  debugf("\x1b[34m");   break; // green
+	case LOGLEVEL_INFO:    debugf("\x1b[37m");   break; // white
+	case LOGLEVEL_DEBUG:   debugf("\x1b[2;32m"); break; // green
+	}
+
+	// TODO: debugf("[%4d.%6d] ", seconds, milliseconds);
+	int ret = vdebugf(fmt, ap);
+	debugf("\x1b[0m");
+	return ret;
+}
+

kernel/src/serial.c

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#include "errno.h"
+#include <vsnprintf.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <system.h>
+#include <serial.h>
+
+int serial_init(int dev) {
+	outb(dev + 1, 0x00);	// Disable serial interrupts
+	outb(dev + 3, 0x80);	// Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
+	outb(dev + 0, 0x03);	// Set divisor to 3 (low byte) 38400 baud
+	outb(dev + 1, 0x00);	//                  (high byte)
+	outb(dev + 3, 0x03);	// 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
+	outb(dev + 2, 0xC7);	// Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14 byte threshold
+	outb(dev + 4, 0x0B);	// IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+
+	outb(dev + 4, 0x1E);	// Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
+	outb(dev + 0, 0xAE);	// Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if it returns)
+	if (inb(dev + 0) != 0xAE) return -ENODEV;
+
+	outb(dev + 4, 0x0F);	// non-loopback, IRQs enabled, OUT#1 and OUT#2 bits enabled
+	
+	serial_cls(COM1);
+	serial_puts(COM1, "Serial display (COM1)\n\n");
+	
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int serial_txem(int dev) { 
+	return inb(dev + 5) & 0x20;
+}
+
+void serial_send(int dev, char data) {
+	while (serial_txem(dev) == 0);
+	outb(dev, data);
+}
+
+int serial_rcvd(int dev) {
+	return inb(dev + 5) & 1;
+}
+
+char serial_recv(int dev) {
+	while (serial_rcvd(dev) == 0);
+	return inb(dev);
+}
+
+void serial_write(int dev, const char* buf, size_t len) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+		if (buf[i] == '\n') serial_send(dev, '\r');
+		serial_send(dev, buf[i]);
+	}
+}
+
+void serial_puts(int dev, const char* s) {
+	size_t len = 0;
+	const char* p = s;
+	while (*p++ != '\0') len++;
+	serial_write(dev, s, len);
+}
+
+void serial_cls(int dev) {
+	serial_write(dev, "\x1b[H\x1b[J", 6);
+}
+
+int debugf(const char* fmt, ...) {
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	int ret = vdebugf(fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int vdebugf(const char* fmt, va_list args) {
+	char buf[DF_BUF_LEN];
+	int len = vsnprintf(buf, DF_BUF_LEN, fmt, args);
+	serial_write(COM1, buf, len);
+	return len;
+}
+

kernel/src/splash.c

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#include <bootloader.h>
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#include <splash.h>
+
+#define BITMAP_LEN 24
+#define PX_SIZE 2
+
+uint8_t bitmap[BITMAP_LEN] = {
+	0xff, 0x04, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x15, 0x15,
+	0x09, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x08, 0x10, 0x10, 0x08, 0x00,
+	0x1f, 0x08, 0x10, 0x10, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00,
+};
+
+static inline void putpx(uint32_t* fb, uint64_t pitch, uint64_t x, uint64_t y, uint32_t c) {
+	for (uint64_t dx = 0; dx < PX_SIZE; dx++) {
+		for (uint64_t dy = 0; dy < PX_SIZE; dy++) {
+			fb[((y * PX_SIZE) + dy) * pitch + ((x * PX_SIZE) + dx)] = c;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void splash(void) {
+	uint32_t* fb = bootloader.fb_entries[0]->address;
+	uint64_t width = bootloader.fb_entries[0]->width;
+	uint64_t height = bootloader.fb_entries[0]->height;
+	uint64_t pitch = bootloader.fb_entries[0]->pitch / 4;
+
+	uint64_t x = (width  - BITMAP_LEN * PX_SIZE) / 2 / PX_SIZE;
+	uint64_t y = (height - 8          * PX_SIZE) / 2 / PX_SIZE;
+
+	for (size_t dx = 0; dx < BITMAP_LEN; dx++) {
+		for (uint8_t dy = 0; dy < 8; dy++) {
+			if (bitmap[dx] & (1 << (7 - dy))) putpx(fb, pitch, x + dx, y + dy, 0xFFC6D6D6);
+		}
+	}
+}
+

kernel/src/ssp.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/*
+ * Stack Smash Protector
+ * Source: https://wiki.osdev.org/Stack_Smashing_Protector
+*/
+#include <kernel.h>
+
+#ifndef STACK_CHK_GUARD
+#error "STACK_CHK_GUARD not defined!"
+#endif
+
+uintptr_t __stack_chk_guard = STACK_CHK_GUARD;
+__noreturn void __stack_chk_fail(void) {
+	panic(NULL, "Stack smashing detected!");
+}
+

kernel/src/string.c

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void* memchr(const void* ptr, uint8_t val, size_t len) {
+	const uint8_t* p = ptr;
+	while (len--) if (*p++ == val) return (void*)(p - 1);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int memcmp(const void* ptr1, const void* ptr2, size_t len) {
+	const uint8_t* p1 = ptr1;
+	const uint8_t* p2 = ptr2;
+	while (len--) if (*p1++ != *p2++) return p1[-1] - p2[-1];
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void* memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, size_t len) {
+	uint8_t* d = dst;
+	const uint8_t* s = src;
+	while (len--) *d++ = *s++;
+	return dst;
+}
+
+void* memmov(void* dst, const void* src, size_t len) {
+	uint8_t* d = dst;
+	const uint8_t* s = src;
+	if (d < s) while (len--) *d++ = *s++;
+	else while (len--) d[len] = s[len];
+	return dst;
+}
+
+void* memset(void* dst, uint8_t val, size_t len) {
+	uint8_t* d = dst;
+	while (len--) *d++ = val;
+	return dst;
+}
+
+char* strbrk(char* str, const char* accept) {
+	while (*str) {
+		if (strchr(accept, *str)) return (char*)str;
+		str++;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+char* strcat(char* dst, const char* src) {
+	char* d = dst;
+	while (*d) d++;
+	while ((*d++ = *src++));
+	return dst;
+}
+
+char* strchr(const char* str, char c) {
+	while (*str) if (*str++ == c) return (char*)(str - 1);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2) {
+	while (*str1 && (*str1 == *str2)) str1++, str2++;
+	return (int)(*(uint8_t*)str1 - *(uint8_t*)str2);
+}
+
+char* strcpy(char* dst, const char* src) {
+	char* d = dst;
+	while ((*d++ = *src++));
+	return dst;
+}
+
+size_t strlen(const char* str) {
+	const char* s = str;
+	while (*s++);
+	return s - str;
+}
+
+size_t strspn(const char* str, const char* accept) {
+	const char* s = str;
+	while (*s && strchr(accept, *s)) s++;
+	return s - str;
+}
+
+char* strstr(const char* str1, const char* str2) {
+	if (!*str2) return (char*)str1;
+	for (; *str1; str1++) {
+		const char* s1 = str1;
+		const char* s2 = str2;
+		while (*s1 && *s2 && (*s1 == *s2)) s1++, s2++;
+		if (!*s2) return (char*)str1;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+char* strtok(char* str, const char* delim) {
+	static char* next;
+	if (!str) str = next;
+	if (!str) return NULL;
+	str += strspn(str, delim);
+	if (!*str) return (next = NULL);
+	char* tok = str;
+	str = strbrk(str, delim);
+	if (str) *str++ = '\0';
+	next = str;
+	return tok;
+}
+

kernel/src/system.c

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <system.h>
+
+void cpuid(uint32_t* eax, uint32_t* ebx, uint32_t* ecx, uint32_t* edx) {
+	__asm__ volatile ("cpuid"
+		: "=a"(*eax), "=b"(*ebx), "=c"(*ecx), "=d"(*edx)
+		: "a"(*eax)
+		: "memory");
+}
+
+void iowait(void) {
+	outb(0x80, 0);
+}
+
+uint8_t inb(uint16_t port) {
+	uint8_t r;
+	__asm__ volatile ("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(r) : "dN"(port));
+	return r;
+}
+
+void outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t data) {
+	__asm__ volatile ("outb %1, %0" :: "dN"(port), "a"(data));
+}
+
+uint16_t inw(uint16_t port) {
+	uint16_t r;
+	__asm__ volatile ("inw %1, %0" : "=a"(r) : "dN"(port));
+	return r;
+}
+
+void outw(uint16_t port, uint16_t data) {
+	__asm__ volatile ("outw %1, %0" :: "dN"(port), "a"(data));
+}
+
+uint32_t inl(uint16_t port) {
+	uint32_t r;
+	__asm__ volatile ("inl %1, %0" : "=a"(r) : "dN"(port));
+	return r;
+}
+
+void outl(uint16_t port, uint32_t data) {
+	__asm__ volatile ("outl %1, %0" :: "dN"(port), "a"(data));
+}
+
+void cli(void) {
+	__asm__ volatile ("cli");
+}
+
+void sti(void) {
+	__asm__ volatile ("sti");
+}
+

kernel/src/vsnprintf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+#include <kernel.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <vsnprintf.h>
+
+static inline int _isdigit(int c) { return (c >= '0' && c <= '9') ? 1 : 0; }
+
+static size_t _utoa(char* out, uint64_t v, uint32_t base) {
+	static char* digits = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+	size_t i = 0;
+	if (v == 0) {
+		out[i++] = '0';
+		return i;
+	}
+
+	while (v) {
+		out[i++] = digits[v % base];
+                v /= base;
+	}
+	return i;
+}
+
+static void _putc(char* buf, size_t n, size_t* idx, char c) {
+	if (*idx < n - 1) buf[*idx] = c;
+	(*idx)++;
+}
+
+static void _puts(char* buf, size_t n, size_t* idx, char* s, size_t len) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) _putc(buf, n, idx, s[i]);
+}
+
+static void fmt_string(char* buf, size_t n, size_t* idx, char* s, size_t len, int width, char pad, int left) {
+	int pad_len = width > (int)len ? width - (int)len : 0;
+	if (!left) { while (pad_len--) _putc(buf, n, idx, pad); }
+	_puts(buf, n, idx, s, len);
+	if (left) { while (pad_len--) _putc(buf, n, idx, pad); }
+}
+
+static void fmt_int(char* buf, size_t n, size_t* idx, int64_t v, int width, char pad, int left) {
+	char tmp[32];
+	size_t len;
+	int neg = v < 0;
+
+	uint64_t uv = neg ? -v : v;
+	len = _utoa(tmp, uv, 10);
+	
+	if (neg) tmp[len++] = '-';
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len / 2; i++) {
+		char c = tmp[i];
+		tmp[i] = tmp[len - 1 - i];
+		tmp[len - 1 - i] = c;
+	}
+
+	fmt_string(buf, n, idx, tmp, len, width, pad, left);
+}
+
+static void fmt_uint(char* buf, size_t n, size_t* idx, uint64_t v, uint32_t base, int width, char pad, int left) {
+	char tmp[32];
+	size_t len = _utoa(tmp, v, base);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len / 2; i++) {
+		char c = tmp[i];
+		tmp[i] = tmp[len - 1 - i];
+		tmp[len - 1 - i] = c;
+	}
+
+	fmt_string(buf, n, idx, tmp, len, width, pad, left);
+}
+
+// WARN: I took this from somewhere and idk how good it is and i'm too lazy to check
+static void fmt_float(char* buf, size_t n, size_t* idx, double v, int prec, int width, char pad, int left) {
+	if (prec < 0) prec = 6;
+
+	if (v < 0) {
+		_putc(buf, n, idx, '-');
+		v = -v;
+		if (width > 0) width--;
+	}
+
+	long long ip = (long long)v;
+	double frac = v - (double)ip;
+
+	char tmp[64];
+	size_t len = _utoa(tmp, ip, 10);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len / 2; i++) {
+		char c = tmp[i];
+		tmp[i] = tmp[len - 1 - i];
+		tmp[len - 1 - i] = c;
+	}
+
+	size_t total = len + 1 + prec;
+	int pad_len = width > (int)total ? width - (int)total : 0;
+
+	if (!left) { while (pad_len--) _putc(buf, n, idx, pad); }
+
+	_puts(buf, n, idx, tmp, len);
+	_putc(buf, n, idx, '.');
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < prec; i++) {
+		frac *= 10.0;
+		int d = (int)frac;
+		_putc(buf, n, idx, '0' + d);
+		frac -= d;
+	}
+
+	if (left) { while (pad_len--) _putc(buf, n, idx, pad); }
+}
+
+int vsnprintf(char* buf, size_t n, const char* fmt, va_list ap) {
+	size_t idx = 0;
+
+	for (; *fmt != '\0'; fmt++) {
+		if (*fmt != '%') {
+			_putc(buf, n, &idx, *fmt);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		fmt++;
+
+		int left = 0;
+		char pad = ' ';
+		int width = 0;
+		int prec = -1;
+		int is_long = 0;
+
+		if (*fmt == '-') {
+			left = 1;
+			fmt++;
+		}
+
+		if (*fmt == '0') {
+			pad = '0';
+			fmt++;
+		}
+
+		while (_isdigit((int)*fmt)) {
+			width = width * 10 + (*fmt - '0');
+			fmt++;
+		}
+		
+		if (*fmt == '.') {
+			fmt++;
+			prec = 0;
+			while (_isdigit((int)*fmt)) {
+				prec = prec * 10 + (*fmt - '0');
+				fmt++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (*fmt == 'l') {
+		    is_long = 1;
+		    fmt++;
+		    if (*fmt == 'l') { // handle ll
+			fmt++;
+		    }
+		}
+
+		switch (*fmt) {
+		case 'd': fmt_int(buf, n, &idx, is_long ? va_arg(ap, int64_t) : va_arg(ap, int32_t), width, pad, left); break;
+		case 'u': fmt_uint(buf, n, &idx, is_long ? va_arg(ap, uint64_t) : va_arg(ap, uint32_t), 10, width, pad, left); break;
+		case 'x': fmt_uint(buf, n, &idx, is_long ? va_arg(ap, uint64_t) : va_arg(ap, uint32_t), 16, width, pad, left); break;
+		case 'p':
+			  fmt_string(buf, n, &idx, "0x", 2, 0, ' ', 0);
+			  fmt_uint(buf, n, &idx, va_arg(ap, uintptr_t), 16, 16, '0', 0);
+			  break;
+		case 'f': fmt_float(buf, n, &idx, va_arg(ap, double), prec, width, pad, left); break;
+		case 's': {
+			char* s = va_arg(ap, char*);
+			if (s == NULL) s = "(null)";
+			size_t len = strlen(s);
+			if (prec >= 0) len = min(len, (size_t)prec);
+			fmt_string(buf, n, &idx, s, len, width, pad, left);
+			} break;
+		case 'c': _putc(buf, n, &idx, (char)va_arg(ap, int)); break;
+		case '%': _putc(buf, n, &idx, '%'); break;
+		default:
+			// Undo all the parsing we just did :')
+			_putc(buf, n, &idx, '%');
+			if (left) _putc(buf, n, &idx, '-');
+			if (pad == '0') _putc(buf, n, &idx, '0');
+			if (width > 0) fmt_uint(buf, n, &idx, width, 10, 0, 0, 0);
+			if (prec != -1) {
+				_putc(buf, n, &idx, '.');
+				fmt_uint(buf, n, &idx, prec, 10, 0, 0, 0);
+			}
+			_putc(buf, n, &idx, *fmt);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (n) buf[min(idx, n - 1)] = '\0';
+	return (int)idx;
+}
+
+int snprintf(char *buf, size_t n, const char *fmt, ...) {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	int ret = vsnprintf(buf, n, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	return ret;
+}
+

libc/errno/errno.c

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#include <errno.h>
-
-int errno = 0;
-

libc/include/assert.h

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _ASSERT_H
-#define _ASSERT_H
-
-// TODO:
-#define assert(_ignore) ((void)0)
-
-#endif
-

libc/include/errno.h

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _ERRNO_H
-#define _ERRNO_H
-
-// Basic POSIX defined error idk
-enum {
-    EPERM = 1,  // Operation not permitted
-    ENOENT,     // No such file or directory
-    ESRCH,      // No such process
-    EINTR,      // Interrupted system call
-    EIO,        // I/O error
-    ENXIO,      // No such device or address
-    E2BIG,      // Argument list too long
-    ENOEXEC,    // Exec format error
-    EBADF,      // Bad file descriptor
-    ECHILD,     // No child processes
-    EAGAIN,     // Resource temporarily unavailable
-    ENOMEM,     // Out of memory
-    EACCES,     // Permission denied
-    EFAULT,     // Bad address
-    EBUSY,      // Device or resource busy
-    EEXIST,     // File exists
-    ENOTDIR,    // Not a directory
-    EISDIR,     // Is a directory
-    EIMPL,      // TODO: Implementation defined
-    ENOMSG,     // No message of desired type
-    EINVAL,     // Invalid argument
-    ENFILE,     // File table overflow
-    EMFILE,     // Too many open files
-    ENOTTY,     // Not a typewriter
-    ETXTBSY,    // Text file busy
-    EFBIG,      // File too large
-    ENOSPC,     // No space left on device
-    ESPIPE,     // Illegal seek
-    EROFS,      // Read-only file system
-    EMLINK,     // Too many links
-    EPIPE,      // Broken pipe
-    EDQUOT,     // Disk quota exceeded
-    EDOM,       // Function arg domain error
-    ERANGE,     // Out of range
-    // TODO: more
-    EILSEQ = 42,// Invalid byte seqence
-};
-
-extern int errno;
-
-#endif

libc/include/fcntl.h

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _FCNTL_H
-#define _FCNTL_H
-
-/* Standard file decriptors */
-#define STDIN_FILENO    0
-#define STDOUT_FILENO   1
-#define STDERR_FILENO   2
-
-/* File access modes */
-#define O_CREAT     0x0001  // Create if does not exist
-#define O_RDONLY    0x0002  // Read only
-#define O_WRONLY    0x0004  // Write only
-#define O_RDWR      0x0008  // Read and write
-#define O_APPEND    0x0010  // Always writes at the end (appends)
-#define O_TRUNC     0x0020  // Truncate file size and position to 0 on Open
-#define O_EXCL      0x0040  // Error if file exists (with O_CREAT)
-#define O_BIN       0x0080  // Read bytes, not text
-#define O_DIRECTORY 0x0100  // Error if file is not a directory
-// TODO: more!
-
-/* TODO: File lock */
-
-#endif

libc/include/float.h

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _FLOAT_H
-#define _FLOAT_H
-
-#define FLT_DIG        6          // Float precision: 6 decimal digits
-#define DBL_DIG        15         // Double precision: 15 decimal digits
-#define LDBL_DIG       18         // Long double precision: 18 decimal digits
-
-#define FLT_MAX        3.40282347e+38F   // Maximum float value
-#define DBL_MAX        1.7976931348623157e+308  // Maximum double value
-#define LDBL_MAX       1.189731495357231765e+4932L  // Max long double
-
-#define FLT_MIN        1.17549435e-38F   // Minimum positive normalized float
-#define DBL_MIN        2.2250738585072014e-308  // Min positive double
-#define LDBL_MIN       3.36210314311209350626e-4932L  // Min positive long double
-
-#define FLT_EPSILON    1.19209290e-7F    // Smallest float increment
-#define DBL_EPSILON    2.2204460492503131e-16  // Smallest double increment
-#define LDBL_EPSILON   1.08420217248550443401e-19L  // Smallest long double increment
-
-#define FLT_MAX_EXP    128       // Max exponent for float
-#define DBL_MAX_EXP    1024      // Max exponent for double
-#define LDBL_MAX_EXP   16384     // Max exponent for long double
-
-#define FLT_MIN_EXP    -125      // Min exponent for float
-#define DBL_MIN_EXP    -1021     // Min exponent for double
-#define LDBL_MIN_EXP   -16381    // Min exponent for long double
-
-#define FLT_RADIX      2         // Floating-point base (usually 2)
-#define FLT_MANT_DIG   24        // Number of digits in float mantissa
-#define DBL_MANT_DIG   53        // Number of digits in double mantissa
-#define LDBL_MANT_DIG  64        // Number of digits in long double mantissa
-
-#endif

libc/include/limits.h

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _LIMITS_H
-#define _LIMITS_H
-
-// Chars are spectial :)
-#define CHAR_BIT   8
-#define CHAR_MIN   0
-
-// Signed min
-#define SCHAR_MIN  -127
-#define SHRT_MIN   -32768
-#define INT_MIN    -2147483648
-#define LONG_MIN   -2147483648L
-#define LLONG_MIN  -9223372036854775808LL
-
-// Signed max
-#define SCHAR_MAX  127
-#define SHRT_MAX   32767
-#define INT_MAX    2147483647
-#define LONG_MAX   2147483647L
-#define LLONG_MAX  9223372036854775807LL
-
-// Unsigned max
-#define CHAR_MAX   255
-#define USHRT_MAX  65535
-#define UINT_MAX   4294967295U
-#define ULONG_MAX  4294967295UL
-#define ULLONG_MAX 18446744073709551615ULL
-
-#endif

libc/include/math.h

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _MATH_H
-#define _MATH_H
-
-// Constants
-#define M_E        2.71828182845904523536   // e
-#define M_LOG2E    1.44269504088896340736   // log_2 e
-#define M_LOG10E   0.43429448190325182765   // log_10 e
-#define M_LN2      0.69314718055994530941   // ln(2)
-#define M_LN10     2.30258509299404568402   // ln(10)
-#define M_PI       3.14159265358979323846   // pi
-#define M_PI_2     1.57079632679489661923   // pi/2
-#define M_PI_4     0.78539816339744830961   // pi/4
-#define M_1_PI     0.31830988618379067153   // 1/pi
-#define M_2_PI     0.63661977236758134307   // 2/pi
-#define M_SQRT2    1.41421356237309504880   // sqrt(2)
-#define M_SQRT1_2  0.70710678118654752440   // 1/sqrt(2)
-
-// TODO:
-#define NAN         (__builtin_inff())
-#define INFINITY    (__builtin_nanf(""))
-
-// Absolute value
-int abs(int n);
-double fabs(double n);
-
-// Exponential & logarithmic
-double exp(double x);
-double exp2(double x);
-double log(double x);
-double log2(double x);
-double log10(double x);
-double logn(double x, double n);
-
-// Power
-double sqrt(double x);
-double cbrt(double x);
-double hypot(double x, double y);
-double pow(double base, double expn);
-
-// Trigonometric
-double sin(double x);
-double cos(double x);
-double tan(double x);
-double asin(double x);
-double acos(double x);
-double atan(double x);
-double atan2(double y, double x);
-
-// Hyperbolic
-double sinh(double x);
-double cosh(double x);
-double tanh(double x);
-
-// Rounding & remainder
-double floor(double x);
-double ceil(double x);
-double round(double x);
-double trunc(double x);
-double fmod(double x, double y);
-double modf(double x, double* iptr);
-
-// Error handling
-double nan(const char* tagp);
-double inf();
-int isfinite(double x);
-int isinf(double x);
-int isnan(double x);
-
-#endif

libc/include/setjmp.h

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _SETJMP_H
-#define _SETJMP_H
-
-typedef struct {
-    void* _bp;  // Base pointer
-    void* _sp;  // Stack pointer
-    void* _pc;  // Program counter
-} jmp_buf;
-
-int setjmp(jmp_buf env);
-void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int value);
-
-#endif

libc/include/stdarg.h

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _STDARG_H
-#define _STDARG_H
-
-typedef char* va_list;
-#define va_start(ap, paramn) (void)((ap) = (char*)(&(paramn) + 1))
-#define va_end(ap) (void)((ap) = 0)
-#define va_arg(ap, type) (((type*)((ap) = ((ap) + sizeof(type))))[-1])
-
-#endif
-